在高中一 NSS 數學課,我開始教二次圖像和二次方程之根(roots)的關係。現在課程涉及複數,卻沒有教如何利用圖像尋找複根(complex roots)或非實根(unreal roots),我在此補充一下。
以下是在下用極速粗製濫造的 ETV,同學先看看:
解說: (更多…)
在高中一 NSS 數學課,我開始教二次圖像和二次方程之根(roots)的關係。現在課程涉及複數,卻沒有教如何利用圖像尋找複根(complex roots)或非實根(unreal roots),我在此補充一下。
以下是在下用極速粗製濫造的 ETV,同學先看看:
解說: (更多…)
In solving ordinary differential equation
………. (*)
(where are constants)
we use the method of substitution, let
Then we have and hence (更多…)
函數 連續,並不保證逆函數
也連續。
(在定義兩個拓樸空間同胚(homeomorphic)時,就是要求他們之間存在一一對應的連續函數 ,並
也要連續。)
舉例,設 並
(即
不過是
中的 unit circle)定義
使
,一看下圖,立即知道
不連續。

It is extremely easy to set up questions about differentiation techniques (but good real life application questions are really rare, esp. at secondary school level), apart from tedious computation, when the differentiation involves parameter, students may have difficulties, like mistaking:
(wrong!)
(wrong!)
Here is a question in recent quiz, which involves parametric equations: (更多…)
Just take a rest from work, type something boring here…
Students, you may regard the above as a formula or derive it by using trigonometric substitution every time.
As you may know that the expression of a primitive is not unique, we may have other forms being a primitive of , say (更多…)
1.
校內的數學科會議,談到 extended reading/learning,我隨便舉例,讓同事略略看片:
但我只輕鬆帶過,大家用懷疑的眼光問:「怎會可能?」嗯,我也不知道,早前因為想找有關 tensor 的東西,翻一翻幾年前買下的數學書:
“Introduction to Topological Manifolds” by John M. Lee (更多…)

老題:利用面值 $10,$20 及 $50 紙幣若干張,要拼出 $100,問有多少組合方式?
可以拿 2 張 $50 紙幣,這是一種組合;
可以拿 3 張 $10,1 張 $20 及 1 張 $50,這是另一種組合;
……
那麼,共有多少種可能的組合?
這篇為承接昨天的發帖 (更多…)
It is extremely easy to set up questions on number pattern, like
1, 3, 8, 19, 42, 89, ?
for more details, we may tabulate the question as:

the question is, when , what is the value of
?
My first reply to such kind of question is
“no need to do” (更多…)
前
考中二數學前夕,梁同學致電問數。我都「好野」,一邊行街赴父親節宴會,一邊做數講數。
問題太多,晚上回家,梁同學再問下半場。
他問什麼中二數學問題?列幾個:
1. Factorize .
2. 把 8 cm * 10 cm 長方形一對角(opposite angles)摺疊,求摺痕長度。
3. 二進制轉和十六進制的直接互換方法。
…
等等。
後 (更多…)
有人強調數學在生活中的應用,有人指出所謂「數學在生活中的應用」是牽強的。經驗使我比較贊成後者。
無論如何,以趣味的角度向學生介紹(所謂的)數學在生活中應用的例子,或許可以達到某些教學的成效。
讓我在這裡介紹一個「偽應用」吧,起碼三本數普書籍有記載此例。
修純數的同學定會接觸介值定理:
設 f 為定義在 [a,b] 上的連續函數,已知 f(a)f(b) < 0,則在 (a,b) 內存在 c 使 f(c) = 0。
這個定理有沒有生活應用例子?嗯,或許有,見下:

今有方桌子一張,四條腿等長。若把桌子放於凹凸不平但平滑的地面上,證明一定存在某個位置,使四條腿同時著地。 (更多…)
這是溫書時期。
1. 有關數列的題目
這是校內 2007-2008 年度純數期終試其中一題:
=======================================
Let {} be a sequence of positive integers. Define sequences {
} and {
} as
. (
)
. (
)
Let . (
)
Show that .
======================================= (更多…)
一.Chain rule 秘技:不要忘記「D 那星」
在下師承我的啟蒙中學教師馬 sir,他喜歡用星星 代表一個 expression,比如要求
不妨視 為一個 expression,以
代之,曰 (更多…)
昨天和同事討論 l’Hôpital’s rule,我就是忘記了一個例子,以說明就算運用 l’Hôpital’s rule 找到 (有限值),它也未必等於
,今早補貼一下: (更多…)
Pure Mathematics is a subject of mathematical “techniques”. It provides students with certain tools and procedures to solve certain mathematical problems.
However, for me, Pure Mathematics is a subject of “art”.
“Techniques” can be taught, while “art” cannot be taught easily. (更多…)
這是有關「可導性」(differentiablity)的討論,寫給那天沒有上復活假期補課班的中六同學。注:討論純粹以中學數學的觀點出發。
先請同學回答下面三道是非題:
1. Put into the expression of
and it is undefined, then
is not differentiable at
. True?
2. If , then
is differentiable at
. True?
3. If is finite, then the value of
is also finite. True? (更多…)
For your revision, students.
Question 1
Suppose f(1) = f(2) = 0, f(3) = 1 and f is twice differentiable on [0,3].
Show that
for some .
Question 2
Suppose f(0) = 0, f(1) = 1, f is differentiable on [0,1].
Show that
for some . (更多…)
中四同學在學期初已接觸乘階(factorial) 的運算。比如
理論上,這個正整數 ,可以「要幾大,有幾大」;但實際上,我們日常接觸的運算工具,必有其限制;用 EXCEL 2003,只可以算出的最大乘階是
這個數字有多大? (更多…)
The following theorem appears in secondary school pure mathematics textbook.
Let be an elementary function. If
is well-defined, then
Fine. Then a student, chan, asked,
How about ? Is it an elementary function? (更多…)
To estimate , please refer to the normal table, you may see (更多…)
When introducing the following ‘important’ limit to F.6B boys,
,
I added the following question
= ? (更多…)
Q.1
sin x 同cos x 既taylor’s theorem expansion say the last term of sin x is (-1)^(n-1)*x^(2n-1)/(2n-1)! 個power of x of the remainder term 係咪2n or 2n+1 都得? similarly, the last term of cos x is (-1)^n*x^(2n)/(2n)! 個power of x of the remainder term 係咪2n+1 or 2n+2 都得? (更多…)
Here is just a typical, basic, level-zero question about the limit of sequence for formative assessment.
Let ,
for
.
(a) Given that , show that
.
(b) By squeezing principle, show that . (更多…)
Apart from the interesting article in the last post, Justin also sent me the following interesting question:
Consider
– - – - – - (E)
where the constant is positive and
is continuous on [
). (更多…)
Here is one of questions:
Given that
(
)
Prove that
(a)
(b)
The question requires students to use mathematical induction to prove that.
I’d like to give another ways.
(method 1) (更多…)
Here is just a typical question in AL Applied Mathematics (II).
For natural numbers (
).
Let , evaluate
. (更多…)
Just discuss an easy AL Applied Mathematics (II) Question with students.
Let be twice differentiable functions such that
.
(a) Let , where
. Show that
.
(b) Using (a), or otherwise, find Taylor’s expansion of the function about
, up to the term in
. (更多…)
中六純數課,談了 proof by contrapositivity 和 proof by contradiction 的分別,再談證明「質數有無限多個」的簡單方法(同學,另外一些證明方法可見舊文:數學閒聊:素數有無限多個)以顯示反證法之威力。隨即,做習題,其中有一題是證明
是代數數(algebraic number)。 (更多…)
想收手,無奈自己按奈不住,趁開學還未忙死,偷偷又講數:
對稱性有時可以幫助解題,舉兩例。
例一(頗常見的技巧)
兩顆公平骰子,一顆是紅色,一顆是藍色。現獨立地各擲兩次,求紅色骰子的總點數大於藍色骰子的總點數之概率。 (更多…)
放榜日,註冊時,準中六生 Hoover 問我一個積分的問題,那似乎是一個很著名的 Paradox:painter’s paradox
有看數普材料的諸君不會陌生,這 paradox 的大意是,數學世界存在一個奇怪的喇叭,它的容量有限,但其內壁的表面面積卻是無限。詳情可看看維基的介紹:
中華民族會滅亡嗎?放心,這裡不談政治,不存在政治正確與否的問題。我只希望利用數學處理這個問題。想證明,如果「一孩政策」長此下去,並落實在全球華人群族中,則問題的答案是肯定的。嗯,這似乎是頗「常識」的,但我始終想借其他東西包裝一下數學。 (更多…)
Just answer an applied mathematics question from a F.6 student.
Book 4A Ex 2(a) No.19.
An urn consists of n tickets labelled 1, 2, 3, …, n. Tickets are drawn one by one without replacement. What is the probability that in these n draws, there is at least one for which the number on the ticket corresponds to the number of draw. (更多…)
Marker’s report on SFXC F.6 Applied Mathematics (II) Final Exam 2007-2008
Passing rate : 53.33% (with regular test score considered)
Max : 64
Min : 12
Mean : 40.3
SD : 14.7 (更多…)
同工 William 君質疑:在 AL 1995 Pure Math (II) Q.9 中,為何 不是 inflection point(拐點,有譯:反曲點、迴折點)?
題目的方程是
where
.
的圖像見下 (更多…)
今天考完 Applied Mathematics. 其中 2008 Applied Mathematics (II) Q.7 這道 5 marks 的短題是有關 Gini coefficient(堅尼系數),頗『生活化』吧,但論難度,它應是一道 Additional Mathematics 的題。詳述如下:
In a city of households, let
be the sum of the first
lowest household incomes for
. Let
be the area of the polygon with vertices
. As a measure of disparity in household income, the Gini coefficient (
) is defined as
.
(a) Show that , where
is the mean of
.
(b) Suppose all household incomes are the same. Show that
.
(c) Will be changed if all
household incomes are double? (更多…)
Nothing special, just answer a question from some students in my class.
Ex. 5(a) Q.35
Rods are made of nomial length of 8 cm but in fact they form a normal distribution with mean 8.02 cm and standard derivation 0.03 cm. Each rod costs $9 to make and may be used immediately if its length lies between 7.96 cm and 8.04 cm. If its length is less than 7.96 cm, the rod is useless but has but has a scrap value of $1. If its length exceeds 8.04 cm it may be shortened and used at a further cost $2. Find the average cost per usable rod. (更多…)
派了中六的測驗,有人差兩分爆燈,有人卻只得 1 分。最低分的同學的卷是寫了很多東西,只可惜…
當中有一個誤計,在此談談。
阿甲和阿乙比賽,共 5 場;每場,阿甲也有相同的勝利的概率 ,設各場互相獨立,問阿甲勝 2 場或以上的概率。
該同學答: (更多…)
Marker’s Report on F.7 Pure Mathematics (II) Mock Examination (Short questions)
Q.1
(a) [Technique: ]
For , define
.
To prove {} is an increasing sequence, some students gave
.
Two black balls and thirteen white balls are randomly put into five identical boxes, so that each box contains three balls. Find the probability that the two balls are put in different boxes. (3 marks)
The above is a simple question from applied mathematics (II) past paper, the fastest way may be considering the following.
There was a piece of information given in the “順帶二提” at the last post “Taylor’s polynomials@濟濟一堂”, that is
when
and
when
then for any
This gave me the idea of setting the following standard short question Q.2 in the mock paper.
From『濟濟一堂學術討論區』2003-11-05 09:28:45
因 2005 年以前在我的舊論壇『濟濟一堂學術討論區』張貼的東西已不能直接連結,幸好我還有 backup,雖然不是什麼好東西,但相信對中學的同學也有一丁點的幫助吧。但不幸地,backup 不能顯示作者名稱,所以忘記問者,只記得答者是在下。
問
溫下AS A.Maths..發覺不對… Taylor’s polynomials。只是把一點造成好接近,卻不能把polynomials扮成好似個curve,咁個error應該是超大ga wo! d exmaples都是不是太大。如果error超大的話,我們是要找另一點再扮?定有其他方法?
出中七 Mock 卷,又是因為時間不足,沒有細心地把問題淺化。
談有關 convexity (凸性) 那道短題目。
考慮某區間 I,當
on I – - – - – - (*)
我們熟知 the graph of is concave upwards。但對於 convex function,更基本的描述,可表如下
“ is concave upwards on I” means
“ for all
and
” – - – - – - (**)
圖像意義是,在曲線 上任取兩點
,則 chord AB 一定『高於』curve AB,見下:

以下問題,我於課堂上已說過,這裡純粹為同學留一個詳細記錄而已。
Applied mathematics (II) textbook Ex. 2(g) #2
A certain number, , of persons sit down in a random arrangement on chairs labelled with their names. If
denotes the probability that all
chairs are filled wrongly, write down the values of
,
,
and
. Show that for
, the chance that more than one person is in his right chair slightly exceeds 0.25.
上述是一個經典問題:亂序(Derangement)的特例,一般問法是:
“n 個人入座,設每人有大會指定的坐位,但他們不清楚,亂坐,問他們完全『坐錯』的機會。”
順著題意,列舉數例如下:
考慮 的情況,
設正確排序為
1, 2
則亂序(即所謂『坐錯』)的情況是
2, 1
即是說亂序的情況有 1 個,或曰:亂序數 = 1;記之曰
故
當 時,
正確序:1, 2, 3
亂序:
2, 3, 1
3, 1, 2
即亂序數
故