Quod Erat Demonstrandum

十一月 26, 2009

小心重覆數算

Filed under: Additional / Applied Mathematics, HKALE, Teaching — johnmayhk @ 11:53 pm

6 對夫婦,隨機選出 4 人,求僅有一對夫婦被選出的概率。

中六的 A 同學答:\frac{C^6_1C^{10}_2}{C^{12}_4} - \frac{C^6_2}{C^{12}_4}(更多…)

十月 26, 2009

利用圖像尋找非實根

Filed under: HKALE, NSS, Pure Mathematics — johnmayhk @ 8:24 pm

在高中一 NSS 數學課,我開始教二次圖像和二次方程之根(roots)的關係。現在課程涉及複數,卻沒有教如何利用圖像尋找複根(complex roots)或非實根(unreal roots),我在此補充一下。

以下是在下用極速粗製濫造的 ETV,同學先看看:

解說: (更多…)

十月 19, 2009

Solve DE by method of substitution

Filed under: Additional / Applied Mathematics, HKALE — johnmayhk @ 5:35 pm

In solving ordinary differential equation

A(ax + b)^2\frac{d^2y}{dx^2} + B(ax + b)\frac{dy}{dx} + Cy = f(x) ………. (*)

(where A, B, C are constants)

we use the method of substitution, let

ax + b = e^z

Then we have \frac{dz}{dx} = ae^{-z} and hence (更多…)

十月 18, 2009

逆函數未必連續

Filed under: HKALE, Pure Mathematics, University Mathematics — johnmayhk @ 1:42 pm

函數 f 連續,並不保證逆函數 f^{-1} 也連續。

(在定義兩個拓樸空間同胚(homeomorphic)時,就是要求他們之間存在一一對應的連續函數 f,並 f^{-1} 也要連續。)

舉例,設 X = [0, 1) \subset \mathbb{R}Y = \mathbb{S}^1 \subset \mathbb{R}^2(即 Y 不過是\mathbb{R}^2 中的 unit circle)定義 f : X \rightarrow Y 使 f(t) = (\cos 2\pi t , \sin 2\pi t),一看下圖,立即知道 f^{-1} 不連續。

九月 27, 2009

奇異解

Filed under: Additional / Applied Mathematics, HKALE, HKCEE — johnmayhk @ 9:11 pm
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感謝中五的 Carman 回應了上一個 post,讓我也閒聊幾句,高手見諒。

比如

\frac{dy}{dx} = f(x)

那麼 y 其實是什麼?

尋找 y,就是解微分方程的過程,上例不過用積分,得到

y = \int f(x)dx (更多…)

九月 24, 2009

Differentiation of parametric equations

It is extremely easy to set up questions about differentiation techniques (but good real life application questions are really rare, esp. at secondary school level), apart from tedious computation, when the differentiation involves parameter, students may have difficulties, like mistaking:

\frac{d^2y}{dx^2} = 1/\frac{d^2x}{dy^2} (wrong!)
\frac{d^2y}{dx^2} = \frac{d^2y}{dt^2}/\frac{d^2x}{dt^2} (wrong!)

Here is a question in recent quiz, which involves parametric equations: (更多…)

九月 22, 2009

Different formats of primitive functions

Filed under: HKALE, Pure Mathematics — johnmayhk @ 4:52 pm

Just take a rest from work, type something boring here…

\int \frac{dx}{\sqrt{1 - x^2}} = \sin^{-1}x + C

Students, you may regard the above as a formula or derive it by using trigonometric substitution x = \sin\theta every time.

As you may know that the expression of a primitive is not unique, we may have other forms being a primitive of \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - x^2}}, say (更多…)

九月 14, 2009

類似地?

小心,對一些運算法則,我們定要正本清源,不能單以一句「類似地」便隨便進行「類似」運算。

e.g. 1 循環小數

0.3 \times 0.4 = 0.12 正確,但不是「類似地」得到:

0.\dot 3 \times 0.\dot 4 = 0.\dot 1\dot 2(錯!) (更多…)

九月 5, 2009

會議補充二則

1.
校內的數學科會議,談到 extended reading/learning,我隨便舉例,讓同事略略看片:

但我只輕鬆帶過,大家用懷疑的眼光問:「怎會可能?」嗯,我也不知道,早前因為想找有關 tensor 的東西,翻一翻幾年前買下的數學書:

“Introduction to Topological Manifolds” by John M. Lee (更多…)

八月 31, 2009

拼出 $100

老題:利用面值 $10,$20 及 $50 紙幣若干張,要拼出 $100,問有多少組合方式?

可以拿 2 張 $50 紙幣,這是一種組合;
可以拿 3 張 $10,1 張 $20 及 1 張 $50,這是另一種組合;
……

那麼,共有多少種可能的組合?

這篇為承接昨天的發帖 (更多…)

八月 30, 2009

Finding general term by generating function

It is extremely easy to set up questions on number pattern, like

1, 3, 8, 19, 42, 89, ?

for more details, we may tabulate the question as:

the question is, when n = 6, what is the value of a_n?

My first reply to such kind of question is

“no need to do” (更多…)

七月 3, 2009

計到即存在?

Filed under: HKALE, Pure Mathematics — johnmayhk @ 8:41 am
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初中時教解二次方程,我通常順便說一個無聊的例:

\sqrt{2 + \sqrt{2 + \sqrt{2 + \sqrt{2 + \dots}}}} = ?

要求出「答案」,我們可設 (更多…)

六月 26, 2009

閒談一些基本東西:導數符號,函數,解釋

1. 高階導數的符號

同學問,為何 D 兩次(即求二階導數)的符號是

\frac{d^2y}{dx^2}

而不是

\frac{dy^2}{dx^2} 或 \frac{d^2y}{d^2x}(更多…)

六月 22, 2009

考試前後

Filed under: HKALE, Junior Form Mathematics, Pure Mathematics — johnmayhk @ 8:15 pm
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考中二數學前夕,梁同學致電問數。我都「好野」,一邊行街赴父親節宴會,一邊做數講數。

問題太多,晚上回家,梁同學再問下半場。

他問什麼中二數學問題?列幾個:

1. Factorize (x-1)(x-2)(x-3)(x-4) - 48.
2. 把 8 cm * 10 cm 長方形一對角(opposite angles)摺疊,求摺痕長度。
3. 二進制轉和十六進制的直接互換方法。

等等。

(更多…)

六月 21, 2009

應用純數

Filed under: Additional / Applied Mathematics, HKALE, Pure Mathematics — johnmayhk @ 12:02 am

有人強調數學在生活中的應用,有人指出所謂「數學在生活中的應用」是牽強的。經驗使我比較贊成後者。

無論如何,以趣味的角度向學生介紹(所謂的)數學在生活中應用的例子,或許可以達到某些教學的成效。

讓我在這裡介紹一個「偽應用」吧,起碼三本數普書籍有記載此例。

修純數的同學定會接觸介值定理:

設 f 為定義在 [a,b] 上的連續函數,已知 f(a)f(b) < 0,則在 (a,b) 內存在 c 使 f(c) = 0。

這個定理有沒有生活應用例子?嗯,或許有,見下:

今有方桌子一張,四條腿等長。若把桌子放於凹凸不平但平滑的地面上,證明一定存在某個位置,使四條腿同時著地。 (更多…)

六月 16, 2009

橢圓規

Filed under: Additional / Applied Mathematics, HKALE, HKCEE, Pure Mathematics — johnmayhk @ 5:57 pm

不知有沒有授課員用過橢圓規這個教具?(實情我不知這名稱是否正確,網上找到 Ellipsograph 這個字,不知是否橢圓規的正確英文名稱。)

20090608-ellipsograph

我「靜靜雞」用科組錢買了一個,操作見下: (更多…)

六月 4, 2009

溫書題

Filed under: HKALE, HKCEE, Pure Mathematics, mathematics — johnmayhk @ 4:28 pm
Tags: , ,

這是溫書時期。

1. 有關數列的題目

這是校內 2007-2008 年度純數期終試其中一題:
=======================================
Let {a_n} be a sequence of positive integers. Define sequences {b_n} and {c_n} as
b_1 = a_1, b_2 = a_1a_2 + 1, b_{n+2} = a_{n+2}b_{n+1} + b_{n}. (n \in \mathbb{N})
c_1 = 1, c_2 = a_2, c_{n+2} = a_{n+2}c_{n+1} + c_{n}. (n \in \mathbb{N})
Let x_n = \frac{b_n}{c_n}. (n \in \mathbb{N})

Show that x_1 \le \lim_{n \rightarrow \infty}x_n \le 1 + x_1.
======================================= (更多…)

五月 23, 2009

點數差的期望值

Filed under: Additional / Applied Mathematics, HKALE, HKCEE, mathematics — johnmayhk @ 3:03 pm

擲兩顆公平骰子一次,求兩個點數差的期望值。

學生甲:

嗯,擲一顆骰子,點數的期望是 \frac{1}{6}(1+2+3+4+5+6) = 3.5。無論擲兩顆,三顆,它們的點數期望值皆是 3.5,故此,兩個點數差的期望值就是 3.5- 3.5= 0(更多…)

五月 13, 2009

數數唸

一.

以下數字是「旋轉對稱」的嗎?

1961 (更多…)

四月 29, 2009

純數小技

Filed under: HKALE, Pure Mathematics — johnmayhk @ 5:53 pm
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一.Chain rule 秘技:不要忘記「D 那星」

在下師承我的啟蒙中學教師馬 sir,他喜歡用星星 \star 代表一個 expression,比如要求

\frac{d}{dx}e^{\sin x}

不妨視 \sin x 為一個 expression,以 \star 代之,曰 (更多…)

四月 22, 2009

一些有關不能使用 l’Hôpital’s rule 的例子

Filed under: HKALE, Pure Mathematics — johnmayhk @ 9:31 am
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昨天和同事討論 l’Hôpital’s rule,我就是忘記了一個例子,以說明就算運用 l’Hôpital’s rule 找到 \lim \frac{f'}{g'} (有限值),它也未必等於 \lim \frac{f}{g},今早補貼一下: (更多…)

四月 21, 2009

Trivial reflection of mathematics teaching

Filed under: HKALE, Pure Mathematics — johnmayhk @ 6:04 pm
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Pure Mathematics is a subject of mathematical “techniques”. It provides students with certain tools and procedures to solve certain mathematical problems.

However, for me, Pure Mathematics is a subject of “art”.

“Techniques” can be taught, while “art” cannot be taught easily. (更多…)

四月 17, 2009

可導性

Filed under: HKALE, Pure Mathematics — johnmayhk @ 5:23 pm
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這是有關「可導性」(differentiablity)的討論,寫給那天沒有上復活假期補課班的中六同學。注:討論純粹以中學數學的觀點出發。

先請同學回答下面三道是非題:

1. Put x = 0 into the expression of f'(x) and it is undefined, then f(x) is not differentiable at x = 0. True?
2. If \lim_{x \rightarrow 0^-}f'(x) = \lim_{x \rightarrow 0^+}f'(x), then f(x) is differentiable at x = 0. True?
3. If \lim_{x \rightarrow 0^-}f'(x) is finite, then the value of \lim_{h \rightarrow 0^-}\frac{f(h) - f(0)}{h} is also finite. True? (更多…)

三月 30, 2009

Simple questions about mean value theorem

Filed under: HKALE, Pure Mathematics — johnmayhk @ 5:20 pm
Tags: , ,

For your revision, students.

Question 1

Suppose f(1) = f(2) = 0, f(3) = 1 and f is twice differentiable on [0,3].

Show that f''(c) > \frac{1}{2}

for some c \in (0,3).

Question 2

Suppose f(0) = 0, f(1) = 1, f is differentiable on [0,1].

Show that \frac{1}{f'(a)} + \frac{1}{f'(b)} = 2

for some a, b \in (0,1). (更多…)

三月 29, 2009

大數值的乘階

中四同學在學期初已接觸乘階(factorial) n! 的運算。比如

1! = 1
2! = 1 \times 2 = 2
3! = 1 \times 2 \times 3 = 6
4! = 1 \times 2 \times 3 \times 4 = 24

理論上,這個正整數 n,可以「要幾大,有幾大」;但實際上,我們日常接觸的運算工具,必有其限制;用 EXCEL 2003,只可以算出的最大乘階是

170! \approx 7.2574 \times 10^{306}

這個數字有多大? (更多…)

三月 20, 2009

Just a question about limit of elementary function

Filed under: HKALE, Pure Mathematics — johnmayhk @ 10:31 am

The following theorem appears in secondary school pure mathematics textbook.

Let F(x) be an elementary function. If F(a) is well-defined, then

\lim_{x \rightarrow a}F(x) = F(\lim_{x \rightarrow a}x) = F(a)

Fine. Then a student, chan, asked,

How about F(x) = \sqrt{x}? Is it an elementary function? (更多…)

三月 19, 2009

Reply to a F.7 student

Filed under: Additional / Applied Mathematics, HKALE — johnmayhk @ 11:42 am

To estimate \int_0^1e^{-x^2}dx, please refer to the normal table, you may see (更多…)

三月 18, 2009

Continuity of composite functions

Filed under: HKALE, Pure Mathematics — johnmayhk @ 7:50 am

It is well-known that the following is NOT true in general,

\lim_{x \rightarrow a}f(g(x)) = f(\lim_{x \rightarrow a}g(x))

Just give an example, let (更多…)

三月 10, 2009

Limit of tan(x)/x

Filed under: HKALE, Pure Mathematics — johnmayhk @ 9:42 pm
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When introducing the following ‘important’ limit to F.6B boys,

\lim_{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{\sin x}{x} = 1,

I added the following question

\lim_{x \rightarrow \infty} \frac{\sin x}{x} = ? (更多…)

三月 9, 2009

Just answer questions from F7 student

Filed under: Additional / Applied Mathematics, HKALE — johnmayhk @ 2:45 pm

Q.1

sin x 同cos x 既taylor’s theorem expansion say the last term of sin x is (-1)^(n-1)*x^(2n-1)/(2n-1)! 個power of x of the remainder term 係咪2n or 2n+1 都得? similarly, the last term of cos x is (-1)^n*x^(2n)/(2n)! 個power of x of the remainder term 係咪2n+1 or 2n+2 都得? (更多…)

三月 4, 2009

boring discussion on limit of sequence

Filed under: Additional / Applied Mathematics, HKALE, Pure Mathematics — johnmayhk @ 3:30 pm

Here is just a typical, basic, level-zero question about the limit of sequence for formative assessment.

Let x_1 = 3, x_{n + 1} = \frac{2x_n^3 + 8}{3x_n^2} for n \in \mathbb{N}.

(a) Given that x_n > 2 (\forall n \in \mathbb{N}), show that x_{n + 1} - 2 < \frac{2}{3}(x_n - 2) (\forall n \in \mathbb{N}).

(b) By squeezing principle, show that \lim_{n \rightarrow \infty} x_n = 2. (更多…)

二月 17, 2009

Asymptotic Behavior of Solutions to Linear Equations

Apart from the interesting article in the last post, Justin also sent me the following interesting question:

Consider

\frac{dy}{dx} + ay = Q(x) – - – - – - (E)

where the constant a is positive and Q(x) is continuous on [0,\infty). (更多…)

二月 3, 2009

出現 A 先於 B 的機會

常見題目:擲一顆公平骰子若干次,求得到 1 點先於得到 6 點的概率。

此例容易,因 1 點和 6 點在地位上無異,易知要求概率為 (更多…)

一月 2, 2009

Something about F.6 Pure Math First Term Exam

Filed under: HKALE, Pure Mathematics — johnmayhk @ 4:24 pm
Tags: ,

Here is one of questions:

Given that

x_1 = 4, x_2 = 12
x_{n + 2} = 4(x_{n + 1} - x_{n}) (\forall n \in \mathbb{N})

Prove that

(a) x_n = 2(1 + \frac{1}{n})x_{n - 1}
(b) x_n = (n + 1)2^n

The question requires students to use mathematical induction to prove that.

I’d like to give another ways.

(method 1) (更多…)

十二月 2, 2008

利用 Taylor’s theorem 證明 AM >= GM

x_1, x_2, \dots , x_nn 個正數,命 a = \frac{x_1 + x_2 + \dots + x_n}{n}, g = \sqrt[n]{x_1x_2 \dots x_n} (更多…)

十一月 9, 2008

Initial guess

Filed under: Additional / Applied Mathematics, HKALE — johnmayhk @ 9:36 pm
Tags:

數值法解方程的題目,通常會提供 initial guess。但有時就算沒有提供,我們也可以約略估計,比如解

x - \frac{x^3}{9} + \frac{x^5}{11} - \frac{x^{15}}{2008} = 0.123

同學可以估計其中一個實數解,大概是什麼嗎?(先問:為何知道實數解一定存在?) (更多…)

十月 10, 2008

Say something about series in Applied Mathematics (II)

Filed under: Additional / Applied Mathematics, HKALE — johnmayhk @ 4:53 pm
Tags: ,

Here is just a typical question in AL Applied Mathematics (II).

For natural numbers m, n (m \ge n).

Let f(x) = x^ne^x, evaluate f^{(m)}(0). (更多…)

九月 29, 2008

Just a question of applied math. from a F.7 boy

Filed under: Additional / Applied Mathematics, HKALE — johnmayhk @ 6:13 pm
Tags: , ,

Just discuss an easy AL Applied Mathematics (II) Question with students.

Let f(x), g(x), h(x) be twice differentiable functions such that f(x) = g^2(x) + x^3h(x).

(a) Let p(x) = \frac{f(x)}{g(x)}, where g(0) \ne 0. Show that p(0) = g(0), p'(0) = g'(0), p''(0) = g''(0).

(b) Using (a), or otherwise, find Taylor’s expansion of the function \frac{2x^4 - 3x^3 + x + 4}{\sqrt{x + 4}} about x = 0, up to the term in x^2. (更多…)

九月 20, 2008

利用插值法找餘式

Filed under: Additional / Applied Mathematics, HKALE, Pure Mathematics — johnmayhk @ 2:33 pm

近日,中六純數課談的是餘式定理,中七的應數課談的是插值法,恰巧,兩者有一點點關聯。 (更多…)

九月 6, 2008

純數習題:代數數

Filed under: HKALE, Pure Mathematics — johnmayhk @ 1:04 am

中六純數課,談了 proof by contrapositivity 和 proof by contradiction 的分別,再談證明「質數有無限多個」的簡單方法(同學,另外一些證明方法可見舊文:數學閒聊:素數有無限多個)以顯示反證法之威力。隨即,做習題,其中有一題是證明

\sqrt{2} + \sqrt{3} 是代數數(algebraic number)。 (更多…)

九月 1, 2008

利用對稱性解概率問題

Filed under: Additional / Applied Mathematics, HKALE — johnmayhk @ 11:17 pm

想收手,無奈自己按奈不住,趁開學還未忙死,偷偷又講數:

對稱性有時可以幫助解題,舉兩例。

例一(頗常見的技巧)
兩顆公平骰子,一顆是紅色,一顆是藍色。現獨立地各擲兩次,求紅色骰子的總點數大於藍色骰子的總點數之概率。 (更多…)

八月 6, 2008

Painter’s paradox

Filed under: HKALE, Pure Mathematics — johnmayhk @ 12:10 am

放榜日,註冊時,準中六生 Hoover 問我一個積分的問題,那似乎是一個很著名的 Paradox:painter’s paradox

有看數普材料的諸君不會陌生,這 paradox 的大意是,數學世界存在一個奇怪的喇叭,它的容量有限,但其內壁的表面面積卻是無限。詳情可看看維基的介紹:

Gabriel’s Horn (also called Torricelli’s trumpet) (更多…)

七月 29, 2008

中華民族會滅亡嗎?

中華民族會滅亡嗎?放心,這裡不談政治,不存在政治正確與否的問題。我只希望利用數學處理這個問題。想證明,如果「一孩政策」長此下去,並落實在全球華人群族中,則問題的答案是肯定的。嗯,這似乎是頗「常識」的,但我始終想借其他東西包裝一下數學。 (更多…)

七月 20, 2008

以大數定律證明維爾斯特拉斯定理

伯努利(Jacob Bernoulli)的大數定律,是概率論中的著名定律,略表如下: (更多…)

七月 13, 2008

組合小談

Filed under: Additional / Applied Mathematics, HKALE, Pure Mathematics — johnmayhk @ 2:11 pm
Tags:

某班有 30 名學生進行互訪,每個學生在一個晚上可以進行多次出訪。但在客人來訪的晚上,他必須留在家中。
證明:為了使每個學生都訪問了他的每一位同學,七個晚上已經足夠。 (更多…)

七月 4, 2008

Just answer an applied mathematics question

Filed under: Additional / Applied Mathematics, HKALE — johnmayhk @ 5:26 pm

Just answer an applied mathematics question from a F.6 student.

Book 4A Ex 2(a) No.19.

An urn consists of n tickets labelled 1, 2, 3, …, n. Tickets are drawn one by one without replacement. What is the probability that in these n draws, there is at least one for which the number on the ticket corresponds to the number of draw. (更多…)

六月 27, 2008

Marker’s report on SFXC F.6 Applied Mathematics (II) Final Exam 2007-2008

Filed under: Additional / Applied Mathematics, HKALE — johnmayhk @ 6:13 am

Marker’s report on SFXC F.6 Applied Mathematics (II) Final Exam 2007-2008

Passing rate : 53.33% (with regular test score considered)
Max : 64
Min : 12
Mean : 40.3
SD : 14.7 (更多…)

六月 19, 2008

AL 心理學 (Psychology) 2008 卷一

Filed under: HKALE — johnmayhk @ 11:33 pm

考生於每部分選一題,共答六題,每題 20 分。 (更多…)

五月 13, 2008

Definition of inflection point

Filed under: HKALE, Pure Mathematics — johnmayhk @ 1:22 pm

同工 William 君質疑:在 AL 1995 Pure Math (II) Q.9 中,為何 (0,0) 不是 inflection point(拐點,有譯:反曲點、迴折點)?

題目的方程是
f(x) = \frac{|x|}{(x + 1)^2} where x \ne -1.

y = f(x) 的圖像見下 (更多…)

五月 7, 2008

Something about Power Sum

Filed under: HKALE, Pure Mathematics — johnmayhk @ 4:29 pm

In AL pure mathematics syllabus, we come across the following formulae.

1 + 2 + 3 + \dots + n = \frac{n(n+1)}{2}
1^2 + 2^2 + 3^2 + \dots + n^2 = \frac{n(n+1)(2n+1)}{6}
1^3 + 2^3 + 3^3 + \dots + n^3 = \frac{n^2(n+1)^2}{4}

More? (更多…)

四月 16, 2008

Gini coefficient

Filed under: Additional / Applied Mathematics, HKALE — johnmayhk @ 6:34 pm

今天考完 Applied Mathematics. 其中 2008 Applied Mathematics (II) Q.7 這道 5 marks 的短題是有關 Gini coefficient(堅尼系數),頗『生活化』吧,但論難度,它應是一道 Additional Mathematics 的題。詳述如下:

In a city of n households, let S_i be the sum of the first i lowest household incomes for i=1,2,\dots ,n. Let A be the area of the polygon with vertices (x,y) = (0,0), (1,S_1), (2,S_2),\dots ,(n,S_n). As a measure of disparity in household income, the Gini coefficient (GC) is defined as GC = \frac{2A}{(n-1)S_n}.

(a) Show that A = \frac{(n + 1)S_n}{2} - n\overline{S}, where \overline{S} is the mean of S_1, S_2, \dots ,S_n.
(b) Suppose all n household incomes are the same. Show that GC = 0.
(c) Will GC be changed if all n household incomes are double? (更多…)

四月 14, 2008

解說 Applied Math 小題

Filed under: Additional / Applied Mathematics, HKALE — johnmayhk @ 8:22 pm

Nothing special, just answer a question from some students in my class.

Ex. 5(a) Q.35

Rods are made of nomial length of 8 cm but in fact they form a normal distribution with mean 8.02 cm and standard derivation 0.03 cm. Each rod costs $9 to make and may be used immediately if its length lies between 7.96 cm and 8.04 cm. If its length is less than 7.96 cm, the rod is useless but has but has a scrap value of $1. If its length exceeds 8.04 cm it may be shortened and used at a further cost $2. Find the average cost per usable rod. (更多…)

四月 12, 2008

數學平常談:證某類無理數的小法@濟濟一堂

Filed under: HKALE, Pure Mathematics — johnmayhk @ 4:26 pm

網友 Koopa 提供了兩個方法證明 \sqrt{10} 是無理數[這(竟)是 2008-AL-Pure Mathematics (I) Q.11(a)],非常感謝。我也提供兩個方法,相信大多數考生也會想到的。 (更多…)

四月 10, 2008

Applied Math 小談:互斥事件@濟濟一堂

Filed under: Additional / Applied Mathematics, HKALE, Teaching — johnmayhk @ 12:05 pm

派了中六的測驗,有人差兩分爆燈,有人卻只得 1 分。最低分的同學的卷是寫了很多東西,只可惜…

當中有一個誤計,在此談談。

阿甲和阿乙比賽,共 5 場;每場,阿甲也有相同的勝利的概率 0.25,設各場互相獨立,問阿甲勝 2 場或以上的概率。

該同學答:0.25^2 (更多…)

三月 4, 2008

Something to say about F.7 Pure Mathematics (II) Mock Exam (part 3)

Filed under: HKALE, Pure Mathematics — johnmayhk @ 6:54 pm

Marker’s Report on F.7 Pure Mathematics (II) Mock Examination (Short questions)

Q.1

(a) [Technique: f < g \Rightarrow \int_a^bf \le \int_a^bg]
For n \in \mathbb{N}, define I_n = \int_0^1\frac{dx}{1 + x^n}.
To prove {I_n} is an increasing sequence, some students gave \frac{d}{dx}I_n.

(更多…)

三月 3, 2008

Simple probability question, be careful in the way of counting

Filed under: Additional / Applied Mathematics, HKALE — johnmayhk @ 5:19 pm

Two black balls and thirteen white balls are randomly put into five identical boxes, so that each box contains three balls. Find the probability that the two balls are put in different boxes. (3 marks)

The above is a simple question from applied mathematics (II) past paper, the fastest way may be considering the following.

(更多…)

三月 1, 2008

Something to say about F.7 Pure Mathematics (II) Mock Exam (part 2)

Filed under: HKALE, Pure Mathematics — johnmayhk @ 5:02 pm

There was a piece of information given in the “順帶二提” at the last post “Taylor’s polynomials@濟濟一堂”, that is

f(x) = 0 when x = 0 and
f(x) = e^{\frac{-1}{x^2}} when x \ne 0

then f^{(n)}(0) = 0 for any n \in \mathbb{N}

This gave me the idea of setting the following standard short question Q.2 in the mock paper.

(更多…)

二月 29, 2008

Taylor’s polynomials@濟濟一堂

Filed under: Additional / Applied Mathematics, HKALE, Pure Mathematics — johnmayhk @ 3:14 pm

From『濟濟一堂學術討論區』2003-11-05 09:28:45

因 2005 年以前在我的舊論壇『濟濟一堂學術討論區』張貼的東西已不能直接連結,幸好我還有 backup,雖然不是什麼好東西,但相信對中學的同學也有一丁點的幫助吧。但不幸地,backup 不能顯示作者名稱,所以忘記問者,只記得答者是在下。

溫下AS A.Maths..發覺不對… Taylor’s polynomials。只是把一點造成好接近,卻不能把polynomials扮成好似個curve,咁個error應該是超大ga wo! d exmaples都是不是太大。如果error超大的話,我們是要找另一點再扮?定有其他方法?

(更多…)

二月 26, 2008

Something to say about F.7 Pure Mathematics (II) Mock Exam (part 1)

Filed under: HKALE, Pure Mathematics — johnmayhk @ 6:08 pm

出中七 Mock 卷,又是因為時間不足,沒有細心地把問題淺化。

談有關 convexity (凸性) 那道短題目。

考慮某區間 I,當

f'' \ge 0 on I – - – - – - (*)

我們熟知 the graph of y = f(x) is concave upwards。但對於 convex function,更基本的描述,可表如下

f is concave upwards on I” means

pf(x) + (1 - p)f(y) \ge f(px + (1 - p)y) for all p \in [0 , 1] and x , y \in I” – - – - – - (**)

圖像意義是,在曲線 f 上任取兩點 A(x, f(x)), B(y, f(y)),則 chord AB 一定『高於』curve AB,見下:

(更多…)

二月 19, 2008

A beautiful question in binomial theorem

Filed under: Additional / Applied Mathematics, HKALE, HKCEE, Pure Mathematics — johnmayhk @ 5:02 pm

證明:對任何正整數 m,n 恒有

\frac{(m + n)!}{(m + n)^{m + n}} < \frac{m!}{m^m}\frac{n!}{n^n}

如何證?MI?

(更多…)

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