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	<title>Quod Erat Demonstrandum</title>
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	<description>數里無人到，山黃始知秋。岩間一覺醒，忘卻百年憂。</description>
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		<title>Quod Erat Demonstrandum</title>
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		<title>由 3 出發</title>
		<link>http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/2012/01/30/start-from-3/</link>
		<comments>http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/2012/01/30/start-from-3/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 30 Jan 2012 07:52:04 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>johnmayhk</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Fun]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[由 3 出發，建立「有趣」關係。 e.g. 1 再做一些分析，得 e.g. 2 再做一些分析，得<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=johnmayhk.wordpress.com&amp;blog=1536681&amp;post=8671&amp;subd=johnmayhk&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>由 3 出發，建立「有趣」關係。</p>
<p>e.g. 1</p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=3&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='3' title='3' class='latex' /></p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3D%5Csqrt%7B1%2B8%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=&#92;sqrt{1+8}' title='=&#92;sqrt{1+8}' class='latex' /></p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3D%5Csqrt%7B1%2B2%5Ctimes+4%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=&#92;sqrt{1+2&#92;times 4}' title='=&#92;sqrt{1+2&#92;times 4}' class='latex' /></p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3D%5Csqrt%7B1%2B2%5Csqrt%7B16%7D%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=&#92;sqrt{1+2&#92;sqrt{16}}' title='=&#92;sqrt{1+2&#92;sqrt{16}}' class='latex' /><span id="more-8671"></span></p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3D%5Csqrt%7B1%2B2%5Csqrt%7B1%2B15%7D%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=&#92;sqrt{1+2&#92;sqrt{1+15}}' title='=&#92;sqrt{1+2&#92;sqrt{1+15}}' class='latex' /></p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3D%5Csqrt%7B1%2B2%5Csqrt%7B1%2B3%5Ctimes+5%7D%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=&#92;sqrt{1+2&#92;sqrt{1+3&#92;times 5}}' title='=&#92;sqrt{1+2&#92;sqrt{1+3&#92;times 5}}' class='latex' /></p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3D%5Csqrt%7B1%2B2%5Csqrt%7B1%2B3%5Csqrt%7B25%7D%7D%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=&#92;sqrt{1+2&#92;sqrt{1+3&#92;sqrt{25}}}' title='=&#92;sqrt{1+2&#92;sqrt{1+3&#92;sqrt{25}}}' class='latex' /></p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3D%5Csqrt%7B1%2B2%5Csqrt%7B1%2B3%5Csqrt%7B1%2B24%7D%7D%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=&#92;sqrt{1+2&#92;sqrt{1+3&#92;sqrt{1+24}}}' title='=&#92;sqrt{1+2&#92;sqrt{1+3&#92;sqrt{1+24}}}' class='latex' /></p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3D%5Csqrt%7B1%2B2%5Csqrt%7B1%2B3%5Csqrt%7B1%2B4%5Ctimes+6%7D%7D%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=&#92;sqrt{1+2&#92;sqrt{1+3&#92;sqrt{1+4&#92;times 6}}}' title='=&#92;sqrt{1+2&#92;sqrt{1+3&#92;sqrt{1+4&#92;times 6}}}' class='latex' /></p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3D%5Csqrt%7B1%2B2%5Csqrt%7B1%2B3%5Csqrt%7B1%2B4%5Csqrt%7B36%7D%7D%7D%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=&#92;sqrt{1+2&#92;sqrt{1+3&#92;sqrt{1+4&#92;sqrt{36}}}}' title='=&#92;sqrt{1+2&#92;sqrt{1+3&#92;sqrt{1+4&#92;sqrt{36}}}}' class='latex' /></p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cdots&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;dots' title='&#92;dots' class='latex' /></p>
<p>再做一些分析，得</p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csqrt%7B1%2B2%5Csqrt%7B1%2B3%5Csqrt%7B1%2B4%5Csqrt%7B1%2B%5Cdots%7D%7D%7D%7D%3D3&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;sqrt{1+2&#92;sqrt{1+3&#92;sqrt{1+4&#92;sqrt{1+&#92;dots}}}}=3' title='&#92;sqrt{1+2&#92;sqrt{1+3&#92;sqrt{1+4&#92;sqrt{1+&#92;dots}}}}=3' class='latex' /></p>
<p>e.g. 2</p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=3&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='3' title='3' class='latex' /></p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3D%5Csqrt%7B5%2B4%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=&#92;sqrt{5+4}' title='=&#92;sqrt{5+4}' class='latex' /></p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3D%5Csqrt%7B5%2B%5Csqrt%7B16%7D%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=&#92;sqrt{5+&#92;sqrt{16}}' title='=&#92;sqrt{5+&#92;sqrt{16}}' class='latex' /></p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3D%5Csqrt%7B5%2B%5Csqrt%7B6%2B2%5Ctimes+5%7D%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=&#92;sqrt{5+&#92;sqrt{6+2&#92;times 5}}' title='=&#92;sqrt{5+&#92;sqrt{6+2&#92;times 5}}' class='latex' /></p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3D%5Csqrt%7B5%2B%5Csqrt%7B6%2B2%5Csqrt%7B25%7D%7D%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=&#92;sqrt{5+&#92;sqrt{6+2&#92;sqrt{25}}}' title='=&#92;sqrt{5+&#92;sqrt{6+2&#92;sqrt{25}}}' class='latex' /></p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3D%5Csqrt%7B5%2B%5Csqrt%7B6%2B2%5Csqrt%7B7%2B3%5Ctimes+6%7D%7D%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=&#92;sqrt{5+&#92;sqrt{6+2&#92;sqrt{7+3&#92;times 6}}}' title='=&#92;sqrt{5+&#92;sqrt{6+2&#92;sqrt{7+3&#92;times 6}}}' class='latex' /></p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3D%5Csqrt%7B5%2B%5Csqrt%7B6%2B2%5Csqrt%7B7%2B3%5Csqrt%7B36%7D%7D%7D%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=&#92;sqrt{5+&#92;sqrt{6+2&#92;sqrt{7+3&#92;sqrt{36}}}}' title='=&#92;sqrt{5+&#92;sqrt{6+2&#92;sqrt{7+3&#92;sqrt{36}}}}' class='latex' /></p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3D%5Csqrt%7B5%2B%5Csqrt%7B6%2B2%5Csqrt%7B7%2B3%5Csqrt%7B8%2B4%5Ctimes+7%7D%7D%7D%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=&#92;sqrt{5+&#92;sqrt{6+2&#92;sqrt{7+3&#92;sqrt{8+4&#92;times 7}}}}' title='=&#92;sqrt{5+&#92;sqrt{6+2&#92;sqrt{7+3&#92;sqrt{8+4&#92;times 7}}}}' class='latex' /></p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3D%5Csqrt%7B5%2B%5Csqrt%7B6%2B2%5Csqrt%7B7%2B3%5Csqrt%7B8%2B4%5Csqrt%7B49%7D%7D%7D%7D%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=&#92;sqrt{5+&#92;sqrt{6+2&#92;sqrt{7+3&#92;sqrt{8+4&#92;sqrt{49}}}}}' title='=&#92;sqrt{5+&#92;sqrt{6+2&#92;sqrt{7+3&#92;sqrt{8+4&#92;sqrt{49}}}}}' class='latex' /></p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cdots&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;dots' title='&#92;dots' class='latex' /></p>
<p>再做一些分析，得</p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csqrt%7B5%2B%5Csqrt%7B6%2B2%5Csqrt%7B7%2B3%5Csqrt%7B8%2B4%5Csqrt%7B9%2B%5Cdots%7D%7D%7D%7D%7D%3D3&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;sqrt{5+&#92;sqrt{6+2&#92;sqrt{7+3&#92;sqrt{8+4&#92;sqrt{9+&#92;dots}}}}}=3' title='&#92;sqrt{5+&#92;sqrt{6+2&#92;sqrt{7+3&#92;sqrt{8+4&#92;sqrt{9+&#92;dots}}}}}=3' class='latex' /></p>
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		<slash:comments>2</slash:comments>
	
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		<item>
		<title>[TED] Robert Lang全新型態的摺紙</title>
		<link>http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/2012/01/29/fwted-robert-lang/</link>
		<comments>http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/2012/01/29/fwted-robert-lang/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 29 Jan 2012 11:53:13 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>johnmayhk</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Fun]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[TED Filmed Feb 2008<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=johnmayhk.wordpress.com&amp;blog=1536681&amp;post=8658&amp;subd=johnmayhk&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>TED Filmed Feb 2008<br />
<object width="526" height="374">
<param name="movie" value="http://video.ted.com/assets/player/swf/EmbedPlayer.swf"></param>
<param name="allowFullScreen" value="true" />
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<embed src="http://video.ted.com/assets/player/swf/EmbedPlayer.swf" pluginspace="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" wmode="transparent" bgColor="#ffffff" width="526" height="374" allowFullScreen="true" allowScriptAccess="always" flashvars="vu=http://video.ted.com/talk/stream/2008/Blank/RobertLang_2008-320k.mp4&su=http://images.ted.com/images/ted/tedindex/embed-posters/RobertLang-2008.embed_thumbnail.jpg&vw=512&vh=288&ap=0&ti=321&lang=zh-tw&introDuration=15330&adDuration=4000&postAdDuration=830&adKeys=talk=robert_lang_folds_way_new_origami;year=2008;theme=tales_of_invention;theme=art_unusual;theme=inspired_by_nature;event=TED2008;tag=art;tag=design;tag=engineering;tag=math;tag=origami;tag=space;&preAdTag=tconf.ted/embed;tile=1;sz=512x288;"></embed>
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</p>
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			<media:title type="html">johnmayhk</media:title>
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		<item>
		<title>標誌裡的數學</title>
		<link>http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/2012/01/28/math-in-logo/</link>
		<comments>http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/2012/01/28/math-in-logo/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 28 Jan 2012 11:54:32 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>johnmayhk</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Fun]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Junior Form Mathematics]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[詳見： http://www.banskt.com/blog/golden-ratio-in-logo-designs/<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=johnmayhk.wordpress.com&amp;blog=1536681&amp;post=8651&amp;subd=johnmayhk&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img src="http://dl.dropbox.com/u/19150457/fb/gr-national-geographic.png"><br />
<img src="http://dl.dropbox.com/u/19150457/fb/gr-apple.png"><span id="more-8651"></span><br />
<img src="http://dl.dropbox.com/u/19150457/fb/gr-icloud.png"><br />
<img src="http://dl.dropbox.com/u/19150457/fb/gr-toyota.png"><br />
<img src="http://dl.dropbox.com/u/19150457/fb/gr-pepsi.png"><br />
<img src="http://dl.dropbox.com/u/19150457/fb/gr-bp.png"><br />
<img src="http://dl.dropbox.com/u/19150457/fb/gr-Grupo_Boticario.png"></p>
<p>詳見：</p>
<p>http://www.banskt.com/blog/golden-ratio-in-logo-designs/</p>
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		<title>arctan,pi,complex numbers</title>
		<link>http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/2012/01/20/arctan-pi-complex-numbers/</link>
		<comments>http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/2012/01/20/arctan-pi-complex-numbers/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 20 Jan 2012 04:02:32 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>johnmayhk</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[mathematics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Pure Mathematics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[complex number]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/?p=8613</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[式子 美麗嗎？我比較多見的形式是 （易知 ，故上述兩式等價。） 以圖來證明上式，可以考慮三個正方形（似乎比較常見），運用初中學的幾何知識得之，見下圖 綠色角和紅色角之大小，分別是 和 云云。 今次寫另一個證明方法。 考慮正方形 ，對角線交於 。 易知 。 設 為 之中點（mid-point），連 交 於 ，見 考慮 ，易知 ，即 考慮 ，也知 （為何？由於 和 相似，而 ，故 ，也是說 ） 因為 ，即 。 圖像證明是不錯的，但當情況稍為複雜，可能圖像方法沒有優勢，比如證明 我們要另闢蹊徑：利用複數（complex number）。 首先，當 時，恆有 。 那麼， 就是 了。（其中 是 的主值 principal value） 另外， 以及（厲害了！）我們有： 即 記得以前做習題也碰過這例，證明 這是 John Machin 於 [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=johnmayhk.wordpress.com&amp;blog=1536681&amp;post=8613&amp;subd=johnmayhk&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>式子</p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cpi%3D%5Ctan%5E%7B-1%7D1%2B%5Ctan%5E%7B-1%7D2%2B%5Ctan%5E%7B-1%7D3&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;pi=&#92;tan^{-1}1+&#92;tan^{-1}2+&#92;tan^{-1}3' title='&#92;pi=&#92;tan^{-1}1+&#92;tan^{-1}2+&#92;tan^{-1}3' class='latex' /></p>
<p>美麗嗎？我比較多見的形式是</p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Ctan%5E%7B-1%7D%28%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D%29%2B%5Ctan%5E%7B-1%7D%28%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B3%7D%29%3D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpi%7D%7B4%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;tan^{-1}(&#92;frac{1}{2})+&#92;tan^{-1}(&#92;frac{1}{3})=&#92;frac{&#92;pi}{4}' title='&#92;tan^{-1}(&#92;frac{1}{2})+&#92;tan^{-1}(&#92;frac{1}{3})=&#92;frac{&#92;pi}{4}' class='latex' /></p>
<p>（易知 <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Ctan%5E%7B-1%7D%28%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bn%7D%29%2B%5Ctan%5E%7B-1%7D%28n%29%3D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpi%7D%7B2%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;tan^{-1}(&#92;frac{1}{n})+&#92;tan^{-1}(n)=&#92;frac{&#92;pi}{2}' title='&#92;tan^{-1}(&#92;frac{1}{n})+&#92;tan^{-1}(n)=&#92;frac{&#92;pi}{2}' class='latex' />，故上述兩式等價。）</p>
<p>以圖來證明上式，可以考慮<span id="more-8613"></span>三個正方形（似乎比較常見），運用初中學的幾何知識得之，見下圖</p>
<p><img src="http://johnmayhk.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/johnmayhk-pi-3.png"></p>
<p>綠色角和紅色角之大小，分別是 <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Ctan%5E%7B-1%7D%28%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;tan^{-1}(&#92;frac{1}{2})' title='&#92;tan^{-1}(&#92;frac{1}{2})' class='latex' /> 和  <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Ctan%5E%7B-1%7D%28%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B3%7D%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;tan^{-1}(&#92;frac{1}{3})' title='&#92;tan^{-1}(&#92;frac{1}{3})' class='latex' /> 云云。</p>
<p>今次寫另一個證明方法。</p>
<p>考慮正方形 <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=ABCD&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='ABCD' title='ABCD' class='latex' />，對角線交於 <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=E&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='E' title='E' class='latex' />。</p>
<p><img src="http://johnmayhk.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/johnmayhk-pi-1.png"></p>
<p>易知<!--more--> <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cangle+ABE%3D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpi%7D%7B4%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;angle ABE=&#92;frac{&#92;pi}{4}' title='&#92;angle ABE=&#92;frac{&#92;pi}{4}' class='latex' />。</p>
<p>設 <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=F&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='F' title='F' class='latex' /> 為 <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=A%2CD&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='A,D' title='A,D' class='latex' /> 之中點（mid-point），連 <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=FB&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='FB' title='FB' class='latex' /> 交 <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=AE&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='AE' title='AE' class='latex' /> 於 <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' />，見</p>
<p><img src="http://johnmayhk.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/johnmayhk-pi-2.png"></p>
<p>考慮 <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5CDelta+ABF&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;Delta ABF' title='&#92;Delta ABF' class='latex' />，易知 <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Ctan%5Cangle+ABF%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;tan&#92;angle ABF=&#92;frac{1}{2}' title='&#92;tan&#92;angle ABF=&#92;frac{1}{2}' class='latex' />，即 <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cangle+ABF%3D%5Ctan%5E%7B-1%7D%28%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;angle ABF=&#92;tan^{-1}(&#92;frac{1}{2})' title='&#92;angle ABF=&#92;tan^{-1}(&#92;frac{1}{2})' class='latex' /></p>
<p>考慮 <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5CDelta+GBE&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;Delta GBE' title='&#92;Delta GBE' class='latex' />，也知 <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cangle+GBE%3D%5Ctan%5E%7B-1%7D%28%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B3%7D%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;angle GBE=&#92;tan^{-1}(&#92;frac{1}{3})' title='&#92;angle GBE=&#92;tan^{-1}(&#92;frac{1}{3})' class='latex' /></p>
<p>（為何？由於 <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5CDelta+EGF&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;Delta EGF' title='&#92;Delta EGF' class='latex' /> 和 <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5CDelta+AGB&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;Delta AGB' title='&#92;Delta AGB' class='latex' /> 相似，而 <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=FE%3AAB%3D1%3A2&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='FE:AB=1:2' title='FE:AB=1:2' class='latex' />，故 <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=EG%3AGA%3D1%3A2&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='EG:GA=1:2' title='EG:GA=1:2' class='latex' />，也是說 <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=EG%3AEB%3DEG%3AEA%3D1%3A3&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='EG:EB=EG:EA=1:3' title='EG:EB=EG:EA=1:3' class='latex' />）</p>
<p>因為 <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cangle+ABE%3D%5Cangle+ABF%2B%5Cangle+GBE&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;angle ABE=&#92;angle ABF+&#92;angle GBE' title='&#92;angle ABE=&#92;angle ABF+&#92;angle GBE' class='latex' />，即 <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpi%7D%7B4%7D%3D%5Ctan%5E%7B-1%7D%28%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D%29%2B%5Ctan%5E%7B-1%7D%28%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B3%7D%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;frac{&#92;pi}{4}=&#92;tan^{-1}(&#92;frac{1}{2})+&#92;tan^{-1}(&#92;frac{1}{3})' title='&#92;frac{&#92;pi}{4}=&#92;tan^{-1}(&#92;frac{1}{2})+&#92;tan^{-1}(&#92;frac{1}{3})' class='latex' />。</p>
<p>圖像證明是不錯的，但當情況稍為複雜，可能圖像方法沒有優勢，比如證明</p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Ctan%5E%7B-1%7D%28%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B3%7D%29%2B%5Ctan%5E%7B-1%7D%28%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B5%7D%29%2B%5Ctan%5E%7B-1%7D%28%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B7%7D%29%2B%5Ctan%5E%7B-1%7D%28%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B8%7D%29%3D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpi%7D%7B4%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;tan^{-1}(&#92;frac{1}{3})+&#92;tan^{-1}(&#92;frac{1}{5})+&#92;tan^{-1}(&#92;frac{1}{7})+&#92;tan^{-1}(&#92;frac{1}{8})=&#92;frac{&#92;pi}{4}' title='&#92;tan^{-1}(&#92;frac{1}{3})+&#92;tan^{-1}(&#92;frac{1}{5})+&#92;tan^{-1}(&#92;frac{1}{7})+&#92;tan^{-1}(&#92;frac{1}{8})=&#92;frac{&#92;pi}{4}' class='latex' /></p>
<p>我們要另闢蹊徑：利用複數（complex number）。</p>
<p>首先，當 <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n+%3E+1&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='n &gt; 1' title='n &gt; 1' class='latex' /> 時，恆有 <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=0+%3C+%5Ctan%5E%7B-1%7D%28%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bn%7D%29+%3C+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpi%7D%7B4%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='0 &lt; &#92;tan^{-1}(&#92;frac{1}{n}) &lt; &#92;frac{&#92;pi}{4}' title='0 &lt; &#92;tan^{-1}(&#92;frac{1}{n}) &lt; &#92;frac{&#92;pi}{4}' class='latex' />。</p>
<p>那麼，<img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=Arg%28n%2Bi%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='Arg(n+i)' title='Arg(n+i)' class='latex' /> 就是 <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Ctan%5E%7B-1%7D%28%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bn%7D%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;tan^{-1}(&#92;frac{1}{n})' title='&#92;tan^{-1}(&#92;frac{1}{n})' class='latex' /> 了。（其中 <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=Arg%28z%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='Arg(z)' title='Arg(z)' class='latex' /> 是 <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=arg%28z%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='arg(z)' title='arg(z)' class='latex' /> 的主值 principal value）</p>
<p>另外，<img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=0+%3C+%5Ctan%5E%7B-1%7D%28%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B3%7D%29%2B%5Ctan%5E%7B-1%7D%28%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B5%7D%29%2B%5Ctan%5E%7B-1%7D%28%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B7%7D%29%2B%5Ctan%5E%7B-1%7D%28%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B8%7D%29+%3C+%5Cpi&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='0 &lt; &#92;tan^{-1}(&#92;frac{1}{3})+&#92;tan^{-1}(&#92;frac{1}{5})+&#92;tan^{-1}(&#92;frac{1}{7})+&#92;tan^{-1}(&#92;frac{1}{8}) &lt; &#92;pi' title='0 &lt; &#92;tan^{-1}(&#92;frac{1}{3})+&#92;tan^{-1}(&#92;frac{1}{5})+&#92;tan^{-1}(&#92;frac{1}{7})+&#92;tan^{-1}(&#92;frac{1}{8}) &lt; &#92;pi' class='latex' /></p>
<p>以及（厲害了！）我們有：</p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%283%2Bi%29%285%2Bi%29%287%2Bi%29%288%2Bi%29%3D650%281%2Bi%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='(3+i)(5+i)(7+i)(8+i)=650(1+i)' title='(3+i)(5+i)(7+i)(8+i)=650(1+i)' class='latex' /></p>
<p>即</p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=Arg%283%2Bi%29%285%2Bi%29%287%2Bi%29%288%2Bi%29%3DArg%28650%281%2Bi%29%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='Arg(3+i)(5+i)(7+i)(8+i)=Arg(650(1+i))' title='Arg(3+i)(5+i)(7+i)(8+i)=Arg(650(1+i))' class='latex' /></p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5CRightarrow+Arg%283%2Bi%29%2BArg%285%2Bi%29%2BArg%287%2Bi%29%2BArg%288%2Bi%29%3D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpi%7D%7B4%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;Rightarrow Arg(3+i)+Arg(5+i)+Arg(7+i)+Arg(8+i)=&#92;frac{&#92;pi}{4}' title='&#92;Rightarrow Arg(3+i)+Arg(5+i)+Arg(7+i)+Arg(8+i)=&#92;frac{&#92;pi}{4}' class='latex' /></p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5CRightarrow+%5Ctan%5E%7B-1%7D%28%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B3%7D%29%2B%5Ctan%5E%7B-1%7D%28%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B5%7D%29%2B%5Ctan%5E%7B-1%7D%28%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B7%7D%29%2B%5Ctan%5E%7B-1%7D%28%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B8%7D%29%3D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpi%7D%7B4%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;Rightarrow &#92;tan^{-1}(&#92;frac{1}{3})+&#92;tan^{-1}(&#92;frac{1}{5})+&#92;tan^{-1}(&#92;frac{1}{7})+&#92;tan^{-1}(&#92;frac{1}{8})=&#92;frac{&#92;pi}{4}' title='&#92;Rightarrow &#92;tan^{-1}(&#92;frac{1}{3})+&#92;tan^{-1}(&#92;frac{1}{5})+&#92;tan^{-1}(&#92;frac{1}{7})+&#92;tan^{-1}(&#92;frac{1}{8})=&#92;frac{&#92;pi}{4}' class='latex' /></p>
<p>記得以前做習題也碰過這例，證明</p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=4%5Ctan%5E%7B-1%7D%28%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B5%7D%29-%5Ctan%5E%7B-1%7D%28%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B239%7D%29%3D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpi%7D%7B4%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='4&#92;tan^{-1}(&#92;frac{1}{5})-&#92;tan^{-1}(&#92;frac{1}{239})=&#92;frac{&#92;pi}{4}' title='4&#92;tan^{-1}(&#92;frac{1}{5})-&#92;tan^{-1}(&#92;frac{1}{239})=&#92;frac{&#92;pi}{4}' class='latex' /></p>
<p>這是 John Machin 於 1706 年發現的。這樣的式子，對計算圓周率近似值，很有幫助。見</p>
<p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Machin" target="blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Machin</a></p>
<p>我不懂如何運用圖像而得出上式，但利用複數，可輕易證明，但當然先要有「神來之筆」，見下：</p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%285%2Bi%29%5E4%28239-i%29%3D114224%281%2Bi%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='(5+i)^4(239-i)=114224(1+i)' title='(5+i)^4(239-i)=114224(1+i)' class='latex' /></p>
<p>仿傚上題，考慮複角 <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=Arg&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='Arg' title='Arg' class='latex' />，一步 KO，龍年快樂！</p>
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		<title>[FW] NOVA scienceNOW &#124; Twin Prime Conjecture &#124; PBS</title>
		<link>http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/2012/01/18/fw-nova-sciencenow-twin-prime-conjecture-pbs/</link>
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		<pubDate>Wed, 18 Jan 2012 13:51:35 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>johnmayhk</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Fun]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[number theory]]></category>

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		<title>[News] BSD猜想有望破解 華數學家轟動學界</title>
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		<pubDate>Wed, 18 Jan 2012 03:06:32 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>johnmayhk</dc:creator>
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		<description><![CDATA[BSD猜想有望破解 華數學家轟動學界 【本報訊】據韓國《中央日報》17 日消息：2000 年5 月24 日，美國克雷數學研究所公布了千禧年七大數學難題，每解破一題的解答者，會獲頒獎金100 萬美元，11 年來，數學界只攻破了一題。韓國浦港工大日前舉辦了國際冬季學校，向其中的BSD 猜想發起衝擊，來自中國的田野給出了答案的線索，成為全場焦點。 在浦港工大的國際冬季學校，來自中國數學研究所41 歲的田野博士作為演說嘉賓，是關於BSD（Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer Conjecture）猜想領域中的5 名權威者之一。針對解開BSD 猜想時必須要回答的問題（即「是否存在同餘數」（congruent number）），田野說： 「存在無數個同餘數」，首次給出了答案的線索。田野連續用5 個多小時來進行證明，他說， 「我也是在一個月前才得出了這個結論」。 聽完其報告後，該領域泰斗劍橋大學教授約翰．科茨（John Coates，67 歲）評價稱「雖然這並不是完美的答案，但是對於解決BSD 猜想確實是一個巨大的飛躍。」 將接受數學界檢驗 浦港工大立即決定將田野的證明在春季學期集中研討，科茨教授也承諾將在秋季學期中就自己的分析進行特別演講。田野計劃立刻將這一證明整理成論文，以接受數學界的精密檢驗。 受中國近年來吸引優秀海外科學家回國政策的影響，田野在美國獲得博士學位後回到中國，成了中國數學界的新秀。在中國吸引人才回國政策中起核心作用的人物是「菲爾茨獎」的唯一中國獲獎者──哈佛大學教授丘成桐（63 歲），菲爾茨獎被稱為數學界的諾貝爾獎，是數學界的權威獎項。 韓教授有危機意識 浦港工大教授崔映周（54 歲）稱「在對田野的發表內容感到印象深刻的同時，也感到中國正在在解決問題方面有主導權，（我）產生了危機意識」。韓國出席人士稱「中國等世界數學界的動向讓我們受到了強烈的刺激」。 為挑戰懸賞100 萬美元的這一問題，冬季學校已經不分晝夜。參加人員每天都會拿到必須要解決的數學問題，這樣，他們自然地形成了解決BSD 猜想的國際網絡。此外，在舉行冬季學校期間還有讀者寫出自己的答案送來等，一般民眾對此也十分關心。浦港工大還將於2013 年及2014年舉辦冬季學校來挑戰懸賞100 萬美元的BSD 猜想。 貝赫和斯維訥通—戴爾猜想是七大千禧年大獎難題之一。千禧年大獎難題（MillenniumPrize Problems），是七個由美國克雷數學研究所（Clay Mathematics Institute, CMI）於2000 年5 月24 日公布的數學難題。根據克雷數學研究所訂定的規則，所有難題的解答必須發表在數學期刊上，並經過各方驗證，只要通過兩年驗證期，每解破一題的解答者，會獲頒獎金100 萬美元。 這些難題是呼應1900 年德國數學家大衛．希爾伯特在巴黎提出的23 個歷史性數學難題，經過一百年，許多難題已獲得解答。而千禧年大獎難題的破解，極有可能為密碼學以及航天、通訊等領域帶來突破性進展。 七大難題如下： ● P/NP 問題（P versus [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=johnmayhk.wordpress.com&amp;blog=1536681&amp;post=8593&amp;subd=johnmayhk&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://johnmayhk.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/a19001_1.jpg"><img src="http://johnmayhk.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/a19001_1.jpg" alt="" title="A19001_1" width="1024" height="855" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-8594" /></a></p>
<p>BSD猜想有望破解 華數學家轟動學界<span id="more-8593"></span>  </p>
<p>【本報訊】據韓國《中央日報》17 日消息：2000 年5 月24 日，美國克雷數學研究所公布了千禧年七大數學難題，每解破一題的解答者，會獲頒獎金100 萬美元，11 年來，數學界只攻破了一題。韓國浦港工大日前舉辦了國際冬季學校，向其中的BSD 猜想發起衝擊，來自中國的田野給出了答案的線索，成為全場焦點。</p>
<p>在浦港工大的國際冬季學校，來自中國數學研究所41 歲的田野博士作為演說嘉賓，是關於BSD（Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer Conjecture）猜想領域中的5 名權威者之一。針對解開BSD 猜想時必須要回答的問題（即「是否存在同餘數」（congruent number）），田野說： 「存在無數個同餘數」，首次給出了答案的線索。田野連續用5 個多小時來進行證明，他說， 「我也是在一個月前才得出了這個結論」。</p>
<p>聽完其報告後，該領域泰斗劍橋大學教授約翰．科茨（John Coates，67 歲）評價稱「雖然這並不是完美的答案，但是對於解決BSD 猜想確實是一個巨大的飛躍。」</p>
<p>將接受數學界檢驗</p>
<p>浦港工大立即決定將田野的證明在春季學期集中研討，科茨教授也承諾將在秋季學期中就自己的分析進行特別演講。田野計劃立刻將這一證明整理成論文，以接受數學界的精密檢驗。</p>
<p>受中國近年來吸引優秀海外科學家回國政策的影響，田野在美國獲得博士學位後回到中國，成了中國數學界的新秀。在中國吸引人才回國政策中起核心作用的人物是「菲爾茨獎」的唯一中國獲獎者──哈佛大學教授丘成桐（63 歲），菲爾茨獎被稱為數學界的諾貝爾獎，是數學界的權威獎項。</p>
<p>韓教授有危機意識</p>
<p>浦港工大教授崔映周（54 歲）稱「在對田野的發表內容感到印象深刻的同時，也感到中國正在在解決問題方面有主導權，（我）產生了危機意識」。韓國出席人士稱「中國等世界數學界的動向讓我們受到了強烈的刺激」。</p>
<p>為挑戰懸賞100 萬美元的這一問題，冬季學校已經不分晝夜。參加人員每天都會拿到必須要解決的數學問題，這樣，他們自然地形成了解決BSD 猜想的國際網絡。此外，在舉行冬季學校期間還有讀者寫出自己的答案送來等，一般民眾對此也十分關心。浦港工大還將於2013 年及2014年舉辦冬季學校來挑戰懸賞100 萬美元的BSD 猜想。</p>
<p>貝赫和斯維訥通—戴爾猜想是七大千禧年大獎難題之一。千禧年大獎難題（MillenniumPrize Problems），是七個由美國克雷數學研究所（Clay Mathematics Institute, CMI）於2000 年5 月24 日公布的數學難題。根據克雷數學研究所訂定的規則，所有難題的解答必須發表在數學期刊上，並經過各方驗證，只要通過兩年驗證期，每解破一題的解答者，會獲頒獎金100 萬美元。</p>
<p>這些難題是呼應1900 年德國數學家大衛．希爾伯特在巴黎提出的23 個歷史性數學難題，經過一百年，許多難題已獲得解答。而千禧年大獎難題的破解，極有可能為密碼學以及航天、通訊等領域帶來突破性進展。</p>
<p>七大難題如下：</p>
<p>● P/NP 問題（P versus NP）</p>
<p>●霍奇猜想（The Hodge Conjecture）</p>
<p>●龐加萊猜想（The Poincar Conjecture），此猜想已獲得證實。</p>
<p>●黎曼假設（The Riemann Hypothesis）</p>
<p>● 楊─ 米爾斯存在性與質量間隙</p>
<p>（Yang-Mills Existence and Mass Gap）</p>
<p>●納維─斯托克斯存在性與光滑性（Navier─ Stokes existence and smoothness）</p>
<p>●貝赫和斯維訥通─戴爾猜想</p>
<p>（The Birch and Swinnerton-DyerConjecture）</p>
<p>大公報<br />
2012-01-18</p>
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		<title>Core Math 某題-counting</title>
		<link>http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/just-a-core-math-problem-counting/</link>
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		<pubDate>Tue, 17 Jan 2012 04:50:28 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>johnmayhk</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[mathematics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[NSS]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[10 人（當中包括 A 和 B）排 10 人隊，若 A 不能排第一，B 不能排第尾，問排法多少？ 答： 情況一：B 排第一（這樣也自然滿足了「A 不能排第一且 B 不能排第尾」的情況） 那麼，餘下 9 人排在餘下的 9 人隊，共 種排法。 情況二：B 不是排第一 首先，B 不是排第一，而A也不能排第一，故排第一者只有 種可能情況。 另外，B 不能排第尾，故排第尾者只有 種情況。 餘下的 8 人，排在之間的 8 個位置，共 種情況。 所以情況二共有 種情況。 故滿足「A 不能排第一且 B 不能排第尾」的排法共有 種。 但同學建議另一個「解法」： 先安排 A 不在第一位，共 9 種可能。 再安排 B 不在最尾，共 8 種可能（因不能在最尾，又有一個位置給 A [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=johnmayhk.wordpress.com&amp;blog=1536681&amp;post=8569&amp;subd=johnmayhk&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><font face='georgia'>10 人（當中包括 A 和 B）排 10 人隊，若 A 不能排第一，B 不能排第尾，問排法多少？</p>
<p>答：</p>
<p>情況一：B 排第一（這樣也自然滿足了「A 不能排第一且 B 不能排第尾」的情況）</p>
<p>那麼，餘下 9 人排在餘下的 9 人隊，共 <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=9%21&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='9!' title='9!' class='latex' /> 種排法。</p>
<p>情況二：B 不是排第一</p>
<p>首先，B 不是排第一，而A也不能排第一，故排第一者只有 <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=10-2%3D8&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='10-2=8' title='10-2=8' class='latex' /> 種可能情況。</p>
<p>另外，B 不能排第尾，故排第尾者只有 <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=9-1%3D8&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='9-1=8' title='9-1=8' class='latex' /> 種情況。</p>
<p>餘下的 8 人，排在之間的 8 個位置，共 <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=8%21&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='8!' title='8!' class='latex' /> 種情況。</p>
<p>所以情況二共有 <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=8%5Ctimes+8%5Ctimes+8%21&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='8&#92;times 8&#92;times 8!' title='8&#92;times 8&#92;times 8!' class='latex' /> 種情況。</p>
<p>故滿足「A 不能排第一且 B 不能排第尾」的排法共有 <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=9%21%2B8%5Ctimes+8%5Ctimes+8%21%3D8%21%289%2B8%5E2%29%3D73%5Ctimes+8%21&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='9!+8&#92;times 8&#92;times 8!=8!(9+8^2)=73&#92;times 8!' title='9!+8&#92;times 8&#92;times 8!=8!(9+8^2)=73&#92;times 8!' class='latex' /> 種。</p>
<p>但同學建議另一個「解法」：<span id="more-8569"></span></p>
<p>先安排 A 不在第一位，共 9 種可能。</p>
<p>再安排 B 不在最尾，共 8 種可能（因不能在最尾，又有一個位置給 A 佔據了）。</p>
<p>餘下的 8 人，排在之間的 8 個位置，共 <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=8%21&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='8!' title='8!' class='latex' /> 種情況。</p>
<p>從而計出滿足「A不能排第一且B不能排第尾」的排法，共有 <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=9%5Ctimes+8%5Ctimes+8%21%3D72%5Ctimes+8%21&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='9&#92;times 8&#92;times 8!=72&#92;times 8!' title='9&#92;times 8&#92;times 8!=72&#92;times 8!' class='latex' /> 種，咦，為何比之前少？</p>
<p><img src="http://dl.dropbox.com/u/19150457/383371_10150480259103360_290539813359_8484757_909518537_n.jpg"><br />
（教 counting 最難之處不是提供解，而是說明學生的誤解有甚麼問題。）</p>
<p>其實，同學的解是少數了（<img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=8%21&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='8!' title='8!' class='latex' /> 種情況），讓我解釋。</p>
<p>「先安排 A 不在第一位，共 9 種可能。」對，比如在空位</p>
<p>_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _</p>
<p>放下 A，情況可以是</p>
<p>_ _ A _ _ _ _ _ _ _</p>
<p>（共 9 種）</p>
<p>再「安排 B 不在最尾」，可以有</p>
<p>_ _ A _ B _ _ _ _ _</p>
<p>（共 8 種）</p>
<p>那麼，放 A 和 B 的方法，不就是 <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=9%5Ctimes+8&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='9&#92;times 8' title='9&#92;times 8' class='latex' /> 種嗎？錯！</p>
<p>當 A 放在第 2 至第 9 個位，不錯，之後有 8 個空位可放 B；</p>
<p>但當 A 放在第 10 個位，即</p>
<p>_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ A</p>
<p>我們卻有 9 個（不止 8 個）空位可以放 B。</p>
<p>所以，放 A 和 B 的方法，不是 <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=9%5Ctimes+8&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='9&#92;times 8' title='9&#92;times 8' class='latex' /> 種，而是 <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%288%5Ctimes+8%2B9%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='(8&#92;times 8+9)' title='(8&#92;times 8+9)' class='latex' /> 種，即 <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=73&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='73' title='73' class='latex' /> 種。</p>
<p>再考慮餘下的 8 人，滿足題意的排法共 <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=73%5Ctimes+8%21&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='73&#92;times 8!' title='73&#92;times 8!' class='latex' /> 種。</p>
<p>現提供另一個題法：用概率。</p>
<p>P(「A 不排第一」ＡＮＤ「B 不排第尾」)</p>
<p>= 1 &#8211; P(「A 排第一」 ＯＲ 「B 排第尾」)</p>
<p>= 1 &#8211; [P(「A 排第一」) + P(「B 排第尾」) - P(「A 排第一」 ＡＮＤ 「B 排第尾」)]</p>
<p>= 1 &#8211; [1/10 + 1/10 - (1/10)(1/9)]　　（注：那個 &#8217;1/9&#8242; 是條件概率）</p>
<p>= 73/90</p>
<p>故滿足題意的排法共</p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=10%21%2873%2F90%29%3D73%5Ctimes+8%21&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='10!(73/90)=73&#92;times 8!' title='10!(73/90)=73&#92;times 8!' class='latex' /></p>
<p>當這類問題「常規化」，比如視作「公式」：<img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='n' title='n' class='latex' /> 人排隊（<img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n+%3E+2&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='n &gt; 2' title='n &gt; 2' class='latex' />），某人不能排第一，另外某人不能排尾，共有 <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%28n-2%29%21%28n%5E2-3n%2B3%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='(n-2)!(n^2-3n+3)' title='(n-2)!(n^2-3n+3)' class='latex' /> 種排法。一切就沒有樂趣了。</font></p>
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		<title>Ｄ數字</title>
		<link>http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/2012/01/15/differentiate-a-number/</link>
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		<pubDate>Sat, 14 Jan 2012 16:04:14 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>johnmayhk</dc:creator>
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		<description><![CDATA[問 按照一般求導方式，，答案當然是零。 但在數論中，數字「求導」可以有另一種定義。 對任何自然數 ， 1. 若 是質數，則 2. 於是，基於上述定義，我們有 若把定義擴充到零，由定義 2， 也要定義為 0。 對質數 ， &#8230; Power rule 出現了！ e.g. 想多看一些，請往： http://www.cs.uwaterloo.ca/journals/JIS/VOL6/Ufnarovski/ufnarovski.pdf<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=johnmayhk.wordpress.com&amp;blog=1536681&amp;post=8559&amp;subd=johnmayhk&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><font face='georgia'>問 <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=3%27%3D%3F&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='3&#039;=?' title='3&#039;=?' class='latex' /></p>
<p>按照一般求導方式，<img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=3%27%3D%5Cfrac%7Bd%283%29%7D%7Bdx%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='3&#039;=&#92;frac{d(3)}{dx}' title='3&#039;=&#92;frac{d(3)}{dx}' class='latex' />，答案當然是零。</p>
<p>但在數論中，數字「求導」可以有另一種定義。</p>
<p>對任何自然數 <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a%2Cb&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='a,b' title='a,b' class='latex' />，</p>
<p>1. 若 <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='a' title='a' class='latex' /> 是質數，則 <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a%27%3D1&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='a&#039;=1' title='a&#039;=1' class='latex' /><br />
2. <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%28ab%29%27%3Dab%27%2Ba%27b&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='(ab)&#039;=ab&#039;+a&#039;b' title='(ab)&#039;=ab&#039;+a&#039;b' class='latex' /></p>
<p>於是<span id="more-8559"></span>，基於上述定義，我們有</p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=3%27%3D1&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='3&#039;=1' title='3&#039;=1' class='latex' /></p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=1%27%3D%281+%5Ctimes+1%29%27%3D1%281%27%29%2B%281%27%29%281%29%3D2%281%27%29+%5CRightarrow+1%27%3D0&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='1&#039;=(1 &#92;times 1)&#039;=1(1&#039;)+(1&#039;)(1)=2(1&#039;) &#92;Rightarrow 1&#039;=0' title='1&#039;=(1 &#92;times 1)&#039;=1(1&#039;)+(1&#039;)(1)=2(1&#039;) &#92;Rightarrow 1&#039;=0' class='latex' /></p>
<p>若把定義擴充到零，由定義 2，<img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=0%27&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='0&#039;' title='0&#039;' class='latex' /> 也要定義為 0。</p>
<p>對質數 <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=p&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='p' title='p' class='latex' />，</p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%28p%5E2%29%27%3Dpp%27%2Bp%27p%3D2pp%27%3D2p&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='(p^2)&#039;=pp&#039;+p&#039;p=2pp&#039;=2p' title='(p^2)&#039;=pp&#039;+p&#039;p=2pp&#039;=2p' class='latex' /></p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%28p%5E3%29%27%3D%28p%5E2%29p%27%2B%28p%5E2%29%27p%3D%28p%5E2%29%2B2pp%3D3p%5E2&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='(p^3)&#039;=(p^2)p&#039;+(p^2)&#039;p=(p^2)+2pp=3p^2' title='(p^3)&#039;=(p^2)p&#039;+(p^2)&#039;p=(p^2)+2pp=3p^2' class='latex' /></p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%28p%5E4%29%27%3D%28p%5E3%29p%27%2B%28p%5E3%29%27p%3D%28p%5E3%29%2B3p%5E2p%3D4p%5E3&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='(p^4)&#039;=(p^3)p&#039;+(p^3)&#039;p=(p^3)+3p^2p=4p^3' title='(p^4)&#039;=(p^3)p&#039;+(p^3)&#039;p=(p^3)+3p^2p=4p^3' class='latex' /></p>
<p>&#8230;</p>
<p>Power rule <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%28p%5En%29%27%3Dnp%5E%7Bn-1%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='(p^n)&#039;=np^{n-1}' title='(p^n)&#039;=np^{n-1}' class='latex' /> 出現了！</p>
<p>e.g. <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%2811%5E%7B2012%7D%29%27%3D2012%2811%5E%7B2011%7D%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='(11^{2012})&#039;=2012(11^{2011})' title='(11^{2012})&#039;=2012(11^{2011})' class='latex' /></p>
<p>想多看一些，請往：</p>
<p><a href="http://www.cs.uwaterloo.ca/journals/JIS/VOL6/Ufnarovski/ufnarovski.pdf" target="blank">http://www.cs.uwaterloo.ca/journals/JIS/VOL6/Ufnarovski/ufnarovski.pdf</a></font></p>
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		<slash:comments>7</slash:comments>
	
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			<media:title type="html">johnmayhk</media:title>
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		<title>續 Core Math 某題</title>
		<link>http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/2012/01/14/just-a-question-of-core-math-2/</link>
		<comments>http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/2012/01/14/just-a-question-of-core-math-2/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 14 Jan 2012 01:32:00 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>johnmayhk</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[mathematics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[NSS]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[I&#8217;m asked to generalize the solution of the previous post, okay, do it. Let be a positive even integer. Set 1: {} Set 2: {} where . Let be the standard deviations of Set 1 and Set 2 respectively. Show that . Solution (by ugly brute force) Note that, since , must be positive, it [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=johnmayhk.wordpress.com&amp;blog=1536681&amp;post=8535&amp;subd=johnmayhk&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><font face='georgia'>I&#8217;m asked to generalize the solution of the previous post, okay, do it.</p>
<p>Let <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='n' title='n' class='latex' /> be a positive even integer.</p>
<p>Set 1: {<img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a_1%2Ca_2%2C%5Cdots%2Ca_%7Bn%2F2%7D%2Ca_%7Bn%2F2%2B1%7D%2C%5Cdots%2Ca_n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='a_1,a_2,&#92;dots,a_{n/2},a_{n/2+1},&#92;dots,a_n' title='a_1,a_2,&#92;dots,a_{n/2},a_{n/2+1},&#92;dots,a_n' class='latex' />}<br />
Set 2: {<img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a_1%2Ca_2%2C%5Cdots%2Ca_%7Bn%2F2%7D%2C0%2Ca_%7Bn%2F2%2B1%7D%2C%5Cdots%2Ca_n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='a_1,a_2,&#92;dots,a_{n/2},0,a_{n/2+1},&#92;dots,a_n' title='a_1,a_2,&#92;dots,a_{n/2},0,a_{n/2+1},&#92;dots,a_n' class='latex' />}</p>
<p>where <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a_1+%3C+a_2+%3C+%5Cdots+%3C+a_%7Bn%2F2%7D+%3C+0+%3C+a_%7Bn%2F2%2B1%7D+%3C+%5Cdots+%3C+a_n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='a_1 &lt; a_2 &lt; &#92;dots &lt; a_{n/2} &lt; 0 &lt; a_{n/2+1} &lt; &#92;dots &lt; a_n' title='a_1 &lt; a_2 &lt; &#92;dots &lt; a_{n/2} &lt; 0 &lt; a_{n/2+1} &lt; &#92;dots &lt; a_n' class='latex' />.</p>
<p>Let <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csigma_1%2C+%5Csigma_2&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;sigma_1, &#92;sigma_2' title='&#92;sigma_1, &#92;sigma_2' class='latex' /> be the standard deviations of Set 1 and Set 2 respectively.</p>
<p>Show that <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csigma_1+%3E+%5Csigma_2&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;sigma_1 &gt; &#92;sigma_2' title='&#92;sigma_1 &gt; &#92;sigma_2' class='latex' />.</p>
<p>Solution (by ugly brute force)<span id="more-8535"></span></p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csigma_1%5E2-%5Csigma_2%5E2&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;sigma_1^2-&#92;sigma_2^2' title='&#92;sigma_1^2-&#92;sigma_2^2' class='latex' /></p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cdisplaystyle%5Csum_%7Bk%3D1%7D%5Ena_k%5E2%7D%7Bn%7D-%28%5Cfrac%7B%5Cdisplaystyle%5Csum_%7Bk%3D1%7D%5Ena_k%7D%7Bn%7D%29%5E2-%5Cfrac%7B%5Cdisplaystyle%5Csum_%7Bk%3D1%7D%5Ena_k%5E2%7D%7Bn%2B1%7D%2B%28%5Cfrac%7B%5Cdisplaystyle%5Csum_%7Bk%3D1%7D%5Ena_k%7D%7Bn%2B1%7D%29%5E2&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=&#92;frac{&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{k=1}^na_k^2}{n}-(&#92;frac{&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{k=1}^na_k}{n})^2-&#92;frac{&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{k=1}^na_k^2}{n+1}+(&#92;frac{&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{k=1}^na_k}{n+1})^2' title='=&#92;frac{&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{k=1}^na_k^2}{n}-(&#92;frac{&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{k=1}^na_k}{n})^2-&#92;frac{&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{k=1}^na_k^2}{n+1}+(&#92;frac{&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{k=1}^na_k}{n+1})^2' class='latex' /></p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bn%5E2%28n%2B1%29%5E2%7D%28n%28n%2B1%29%5Cdisplaystyle%5Csum_%7Bk%3D1%7D%5Ena_k%5E2-%282n%2B1%29%28%5Cdisplaystyle%5Csum_%7Bk%3D1%7D%5Ena_k%29%5E2%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=&#92;frac{1}{n^2(n+1)^2}(n(n+1)&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{k=1}^na_k^2-(2n+1)(&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{k=1}^na_k)^2)' title='=&#92;frac{1}{n^2(n+1)^2}(n(n+1)&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{k=1}^na_k^2-(2n+1)(&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{k=1}^na_k)^2)' class='latex' /></p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bn%5E2%28n%2B1%29%5E2%7D%28%28n%5E2-n-1%29%5Cdisplaystyle%5Csum_%7Bk%3D1%7D%5Ena_k%5E2-2%282n%2B1%29%5Cdisplaystyle%5Csum_%7B1+%5Cle+i+%3C+j+%5Cle+n%7Da_ia_j%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=&#92;frac{1}{n^2(n+1)^2}((n^2-n-1)&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{k=1}^na_k^2-2(2n+1)&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{1 &#92;le i &lt; j &#92;le n}a_ia_j)' title='=&#92;frac{1}{n^2(n+1)^2}((n^2-n-1)&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{k=1}^na_k^2-2(2n+1)&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{1 &#92;le i &lt; j &#92;le n}a_ia_j)' class='latex' /></p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bn%5E2%28n%2B1%29%5E2%7D%28%28n%5E2-n-1%29%5Cdisplaystyle%5Csum_%7Bk%3D1%7D%5Ena_k%5E2-2%282n%2B1%29%28%5Cdisplaystyle%5Csum_%7Bi%3D1%7D%5E%7Bn%2F2%7Da_i%29%28%5Cdisplaystyle%5Csum_%7Bi%3Dn%2F2%2B1%7D%5E%7Bn%7Da_i%29-2%282n%2B1%29%5Cdisplaystyle%5Csum_%7B1+%5Cle+i+%3C+j+%5Cle+n%2F2%7Da_ia_j-2%282n%2B1%29%5Cdisplaystyle%5Csum_%7Bn%2F2%2B1+%5Cle+i+%3C+j+%5Cle+n%7Da_ia_j%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=&#92;frac{1}{n^2(n+1)^2}((n^2-n-1)&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{k=1}^na_k^2-2(2n+1)(&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{i=1}^{n/2}a_i)(&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{i=n/2+1}^{n}a_i)-2(2n+1)&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{1 &#92;le i &lt; j &#92;le n/2}a_ia_j-2(2n+1)&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{n/2+1 &#92;le i &lt; j &#92;le n}a_ia_j)' title='=&#92;frac{1}{n^2(n+1)^2}((n^2-n-1)&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{k=1}^na_k^2-2(2n+1)(&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{i=1}^{n/2}a_i)(&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{i=n/2+1}^{n}a_i)-2(2n+1)&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{1 &#92;le i &lt; j &#92;le n/2}a_ia_j-2(2n+1)&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{n/2+1 &#92;le i &lt; j &#92;le n}a_ia_j)' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Note that, since <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a_1+%3C+a_2+%3C+%5Cdots+%3C+a_%7Bn%2F2%7D+%3C+0+%3C+a_%7Bn%2F2%2B1%7D+%3C+%5Cdots+%3C+a_n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='a_1 &lt; a_2 &lt; &#92;dots &lt; a_{n/2} &lt; 0 &lt; a_{n/2+1} &lt; &#92;dots &lt; a_n' title='a_1 &lt; a_2 &lt; &#92;dots &lt; a_{n/2} &lt; 0 &lt; a_{n/2+1} &lt; &#92;dots &lt; a_n' class='latex' />,</p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=-2%282n%2B1%29%28%5Cdisplaystyle%5Csum_%7Bi%3D1%7D%5E%7Bn%2F2%7Da_i%29%28%5Cdisplaystyle%5Csum_%7Bi%3Dn%2F2%2B1%7D%5E%7Bn%7Da_i%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='-2(2n+1)(&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{i=1}^{n/2}a_i)(&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{i=n/2+1}^{n}a_i)' title='-2(2n+1)(&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{i=1}^{n/2}a_i)(&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{i=n/2+1}^{n}a_i)' class='latex' /> must be positive,</p>
<p>it suffices to prove</p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%28n%5E2-n-1%29%5Cdisplaystyle%5Csum_%7Bk%3D1%7D%5Ena_k%5E2-2%282n%2B1%29%5Cdisplaystyle%5Csum_%7B1+%5Cle+i+%3C+j+%5Cle+n%2F2%7Da_ia_j-2%282n%2B1%29%5Cdisplaystyle%5Csum_%7Bn%2F2%2B1+%5Cle+i+%3C+j+%5Cle+n%7Da_ia_j%3E+0&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='(n^2-n-1)&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{k=1}^na_k^2-2(2n+1)&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{1 &#92;le i &lt; j &#92;le n/2}a_ia_j-2(2n+1)&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{n/2+1 &#92;le i &lt; j &#92;le n}a_ia_j&gt; 0' title='(n^2-n-1)&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{k=1}^na_k^2-2(2n+1)&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{1 &#92;le i &lt; j &#92;le n/2}a_ia_j-2(2n+1)&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{n/2+1 &#92;le i &lt; j &#92;le n}a_ia_j&gt; 0' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Consider</p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%28n%5E2-n-1%29%5Cdisplaystyle%5Csum_%7Bk%3D1%7D%5E%7Bn%2F2%7Da_k%5E2-2%282n%2B1%29%5Cdisplaystyle%5Csum_%7B1+%5Cle+i+%3C+j+%5Cle+n%2F2%7Da_ia_j&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='(n^2-n-1)&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{k=1}^{n/2}a_k^2-2(2n+1)&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{1 &#92;le i &lt; j &#92;le n/2}a_ia_j' title='(n^2-n-1)&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{k=1}^{n/2}a_k^2-2(2n+1)&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{1 &#92;le i &lt; j &#92;le n/2}a_ia_j' class='latex' /></p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3D%28n%5E2-n-1-n%2F2%29%5Cdisplaystyle%5Csum_%7Bk%3D1%7D%5E%7Bn%2F2%7Da_k%5E2-2%282n%2B1%29%5Cdisplaystyle%5Csum_%7B1+%5Cle+i+%3C+j+%5Cle+n%2F2%7Da_ia_j%2B%28n%2F2%29%5Cdisplaystyle%5Csum_%7Bk%3D1%7D%5E%7Bn%2F2%7Da_k%5E2&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=(n^2-n-1-n/2)&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{k=1}^{n/2}a_k^2-2(2n+1)&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{1 &#92;le i &lt; j &#92;le n/2}a_ia_j+(n/2)&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{k=1}^{n/2}a_k^2' title='=(n^2-n-1-n/2)&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{k=1}^{n/2}a_k^2-2(2n+1)&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{1 &#92;le i &lt; j &#92;le n/2}a_ia_j+(n/2)&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{k=1}^{n/2}a_k^2' class='latex' /></p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3D%28n%2F2-1%29%282n%2B1%29%5Cdisplaystyle%5Csum_%7Bk%3D1%7D%5E%7Bn%2F2%7Da_k%5E2-2%282n%2B1%29%5Cdisplaystyle%5Csum_%7B1+%5Cle+i+%3C+j+%5Cle+n%2F2%7Da_ia_j%2B%28n%2F2%29%5Cdisplaystyle%5Csum_%7Bk%3D1%7D%5E%7Bn%2F2%7Da_k%5E2&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=(n/2-1)(2n+1)&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{k=1}^{n/2}a_k^2-2(2n+1)&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{1 &#92;le i &lt; j &#92;le n/2}a_ia_j+(n/2)&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{k=1}^{n/2}a_k^2' title='=(n/2-1)(2n+1)&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{k=1}^{n/2}a_k^2-2(2n+1)&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{1 &#92;le i &lt; j &#92;le n/2}a_ia_j+(n/2)&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{k=1}^{n/2}a_k^2' class='latex' /></p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3D%282n%2B1%29%28%28n%2F2-1%29%5Cdisplaystyle%5Csum_%7Bk%3D1%7D%5E%7Bn%2F2%7Da_k%5E2-2%5Cdisplaystyle%5Csum_%7B1+%5Cle+i+%3C+j+%5Cle+n%2F2%7Da_ia_j%29%2B%28n%2F2%29%5Cdisplaystyle%5Csum_%7Bk%3D1%7D%5E%7Bn%2F2%7Da_k%5E2&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=(2n+1)((n/2-1)&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{k=1}^{n/2}a_k^2-2&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{1 &#92;le i &lt; j &#92;le n/2}a_ia_j)+(n/2)&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{k=1}^{n/2}a_k^2' title='=(2n+1)((n/2-1)&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{k=1}^{n/2}a_k^2-2&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{1 &#92;le i &lt; j &#92;le n/2}a_ia_j)+(n/2)&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{k=1}^{n/2}a_k^2' class='latex' /></p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3D%282n%2B1%29%5Cdisplaystyle%5Csum_%7B1%5Cle+i+%3C+j%5Cle+n%2F2%7D%28a_i-a_j%29%5E2%2B%28n%2F2%29%5Cdisplaystyle%5Csum_%7Bk%3D1%7D%5E%7Bn%2F2%7Da_k%5E2&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=(2n+1)&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{1&#92;le i &lt; j&#92;le n/2}(a_i-a_j)^2+(n/2)&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{k=1}^{n/2}a_k^2' title='=(2n+1)&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{1&#92;le i &lt; j&#92;le n/2}(a_i-a_j)^2+(n/2)&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{k=1}^{n/2}a_k^2' class='latex' /></p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3E+0&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&gt; 0' title='&gt; 0' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Similar, we can obtain</p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%28n%5E2-n-1%29%5Cdisplaystyle%5Csum_%7Bk%3Dn%2F2%2B1%7D%5E%7Bn%7Da_k%5E2-2%282n%2B1%29%5Cdisplaystyle%5Csum_%7Bn%2F2%2B1+%5Cle+i+%3C+j+%5Cle+n%7Da_ia_j+%3E+0&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='(n^2-n-1)&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{k=n/2+1}^{n}a_k^2-2(2n+1)&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{n/2+1 &#92;le i &lt; j &#92;le n}a_ia_j &gt; 0' title='(n^2-n-1)&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{k=n/2+1}^{n}a_k^2-2(2n+1)&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{n/2+1 &#92;le i &lt; j &#92;le n}a_ia_j &gt; 0' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Thus, </p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%28n%5E2-n-1%29%5Cdisplaystyle%5Csum_%7Bk%3D1%7D%5Ena_k%5E2-2%282n%2B1%29%5Cdisplaystyle%5Csum_%7B1+%5Cle+i+%3C+j+%5Cle+n%2F2%7Da_ia_j-2%282n%2B1%29%5Cdisplaystyle%5Csum_%7Bn%2F2%2B1+%5Cle+i+%3C+j+%5Cle+n%7Da_ia_j%3E+0&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='(n^2-n-1)&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{k=1}^na_k^2-2(2n+1)&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{1 &#92;le i &lt; j &#92;le n/2}a_ia_j-2(2n+1)&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{n/2+1 &#92;le i &lt; j &#92;le n}a_ia_j&gt; 0' title='(n^2-n-1)&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{k=1}^na_k^2-2(2n+1)&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{1 &#92;le i &lt; j &#92;le n/2}a_ia_j-2(2n+1)&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{n/2+1 &#92;le i &lt; j &#92;le n}a_ia_j&gt; 0' class='latex' /></p>
<p>result follows.</font></p>
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		<title>Core Math 某題</title>
		<link>http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/2012/01/12/just-a-core-math-question/</link>
		<comments>http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/2012/01/12/just-a-core-math-question/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 12 Jan 2012 14:25:43 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>johnmayhk</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[mathematics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[NSS]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/?p=8524</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Set 1: {} Set 2: {} （其中 ） 設 分別是 Set 1，Set 2 的標準差（standard deviation），即 證 結論頗直觀，但若直觀不能說服人，唯用低級方法（即應該有更好的方法）：「拆開」（expand）來證明。 不過「拆開」前，先做一些簡化。考慮 Set 3: {} Set 4: {} 易知 Set 3 及 Set 4 的標準差，根本也是 和 。 那麼我們把問題轉為考慮 Set 1: {} Set 2: {} （其中 ） 結論也同樣有效。我們有 考慮 （因 ，故 及 ） Q.E.D.<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=johnmayhk.wordpress.com&amp;blog=1536681&amp;post=8524&amp;subd=johnmayhk&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><font face='georgia'>Set 1: {<img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a%2Cb%2Cd%2Ce&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='a,b,d,e' title='a,b,d,e' class='latex' />}<br />
Set 2: {<img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a%2Cb%2Cc%2Cd%2Ce&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='a,b,c,d,e' title='a,b,c,d,e' class='latex' />}</p>
<p>（其中 <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a+%3C+b+%3C+c+%3C+d+%3C+e&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='a &lt; b &lt; c &lt; d &lt; e' title='a &lt; b &lt; c &lt; d &lt; e' class='latex' />）</p>
<p>設 <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csigma_1%2C+%5Csigma_2&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;sigma_1, &#92;sigma_2' title='&#92;sigma_1, &#92;sigma_2' class='latex' /> 分別是 Set 1，Set 2 的標準差（standard deviation），即</p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csigma_1%5E2%3D%5Cfrac%7Ba%5E2%2Bb%5E2%2Bd%5E2%2Be%5E2%7D%7B4%7D-%28%5Cfrac%7Ba%2Bb%2Bd%2Be%7D%7B4%7D%29%5E2&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;sigma_1^2=&#92;frac{a^2+b^2+d^2+e^2}{4}-(&#92;frac{a+b+d+e}{4})^2' title='&#92;sigma_1^2=&#92;frac{a^2+b^2+d^2+e^2}{4}-(&#92;frac{a+b+d+e}{4})^2' class='latex' /></p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csigma_2%5E2%3D%5Cfrac%7Ba%5E2%2Bb%5E2%2Bc%5E2%2Bd%5E2%2Be%5E2%7D%7B5%7D-%28%5Cfrac%7Ba%2Bb%2Bc%2Bd%2Be%7D%7B5%7D%29%5E2&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;sigma_2^2=&#92;frac{a^2+b^2+c^2+d^2+e^2}{5}-(&#92;frac{a+b+c+d+e}{5})^2' title='&#92;sigma_2^2=&#92;frac{a^2+b^2+c^2+d^2+e^2}{5}-(&#92;frac{a+b+c+d+e}{5})^2' class='latex' /></p>
<p>證</p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csigma_1%5E2+%3E+%5Csigma_2%5E2&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;sigma_1^2 &gt; &#92;sigma_2^2' title='&#92;sigma_1^2 &gt; &#92;sigma_2^2' class='latex' /></p>
<p>結論頗直觀<span id="more-8524"></span>，但若直觀不能說服人，唯用低級方法（即應該有更好的方法）：「拆開」（expand）來證明。</p>
<p>不過「拆開」前，先做一些簡化。考慮</p>
<p>Set 3: {<img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a-c%2Cb-c%2Cd-c%2Ce-c&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='a-c,b-c,d-c,e-c' title='a-c,b-c,d-c,e-c' class='latex' />}<br />
Set 4: {<img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a-c%2Cb-c%2C0%2Cd-c%2Ce-c&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='a-c,b-c,0,d-c,e-c' title='a-c,b-c,0,d-c,e-c' class='latex' />}</p>
<p>易知 Set 3 及 Set 4 的標準差，根本也是 <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csigma_1&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;sigma_1' title='&#92;sigma_1' class='latex' /> 和 <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csigma_2&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;sigma_2' title='&#92;sigma_2' class='latex' />。</p>
<p>那麼我們把問題轉為考慮</p>
<p>Set 1: {<img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=u%2Cv%2Cx%2Cy&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='u,v,x,y' title='u,v,x,y' class='latex' />}<br />
Set 2: {<img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=u%2Cv%2C0%2Cx%2Cy&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='u,v,0,x,y' title='u,v,0,x,y' class='latex' />}</p>
<p>（其中 <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=u+%3C+v+%3C+0+%3C+x+%3C+y&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='u &lt; v &lt; 0 &lt; x &lt; y' title='u &lt; v &lt; 0 &lt; x &lt; y' class='latex' />）</p>
<p>結論也同樣有效。我們有</p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csigma_1%5E2%3D%5Cfrac%7Bu%5E2%2Bv%5E2%2Bx%5E2%2By%5E2%7D%7B4%7D-%28%5Cfrac%7Bu%2Bv%2Bx%2By%7D%7B4%7D%29%5E2&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;sigma_1^2=&#92;frac{u^2+v^2+x^2+y^2}{4}-(&#92;frac{u+v+x+y}{4})^2' title='&#92;sigma_1^2=&#92;frac{u^2+v^2+x^2+y^2}{4}-(&#92;frac{u+v+x+y}{4})^2' class='latex' /></p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csigma_2%5E2%3D%5Cfrac%7Bu%5E2%2Bv%5E2%2Bx%5E2%2By%5E2%7D%7B5%7D-%28%5Cfrac%7Bu%2Bv%2Bx%2By%7D%7B5%7D%29%5E2&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;sigma_2^2=&#92;frac{u^2+v^2+x^2+y^2}{5}-(&#92;frac{u+v+x+y}{5})^2' title='&#92;sigma_2^2=&#92;frac{u^2+v^2+x^2+y^2}{5}-(&#92;frac{u+v+x+y}{5})^2' class='latex' /></p>
<p>考慮</p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csigma_1%5E2-%5Csigma_2%5E2&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;sigma_1^2-&#92;sigma_2^2' title='&#92;sigma_1^2-&#92;sigma_2^2' class='latex' /></p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B400%7D%2811%28u%5E2%2Bv%5E2%2Bx%5E2%2By%5E2%29-18%28uv%2Bux%2Buy%2Bvx%2Bvy%2Bxy%29%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=&#92;frac{1}{400}(11(u^2+v^2+x^2+y^2)-18(uv+ux+uy+vx+vy+xy))' title='=&#92;frac{1}{400}(11(u^2+v^2+x^2+y^2)-18(uv+ux+uy+vx+vy+xy))' class='latex' /></p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B400%7D%2811%28u%5E2%2Bv%5E2%2Bx%5E2%2By%5E2%29-18%28u%2Bv%29%28x%2By%29-18%28uv%2Bxy%29%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=&#92;frac{1}{400}(11(u^2+v^2+x^2+y^2)-18(u+v)(x+y)-18(uv+xy))' title='=&#92;frac{1}{400}(11(u^2+v^2+x^2+y^2)-18(u+v)(x+y)-18(uv+xy))' class='latex' /></p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B400%7D%2811%28%28u-v%29%5E2%2B%28x-y%29%5E2%29-18%28u%2Bv%29%28x%2By%29%2B4%28uv%2Bxy%29%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=&#92;frac{1}{400}(11((u-v)^2+(x-y)^2)-18(u+v)(x+y)+4(uv+xy))' title='=&#92;frac{1}{400}(11((u-v)^2+(x-y)^2)-18(u+v)(x+y)+4(uv+xy))' class='latex' /></p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3E+0&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&gt; 0' title='&gt; 0' class='latex' /></p>
<p>（因 <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=u+%3C+v+%3C+0+%3C+x+%3C+y&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='u &lt; v &lt; 0 &lt; x &lt; y' title='u &lt; v &lt; 0 &lt; x &lt; y' class='latex' />，故 <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=-18%28u%2Bv%29%28x%2By%29+%3E+0&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='-18(u+v)(x+y) &gt; 0' title='-18(u+v)(x+y) &gt; 0' class='latex' /> 及 <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=4%28uv%2Bxy%29+%3E+0&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='4(uv+xy) &gt; 0' title='4(uv+xy) &gt; 0' class='latex' />）</p>
<p>Q.E.D.</font></p>
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		<title>[FW] When learning maths, abstract symbols work better than real-world examples</title>
		<link>http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/2012/01/11/fw-when-learning-maths-abstract-symbols-work-better-than-real-world-examples/</link>
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		<pubDate>Wed, 11 Jan 2012 02:40:06 +0000</pubDate>
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		<title>[YouTube] Dangerous Knowledge (Philosophy, Physics, Mathematics) -BBC</title>
		<link>http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/2012/01/09/youtube-dangerous-knowledge-philosophy-physics-mathematics-bbc/</link>
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		<pubDate>Mon, 09 Jan 2012 08:00:15 +0000</pubDate>
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		<title>某題-級數</title>
		<link>http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/2012/01/07/a-question-about-series/</link>
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		<pubDate>Fri, 06 Jan 2012 16:04:01 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>johnmayhk</dc:creator>
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		<description><![CDATA[以下是數列 {} 1 , 12 , 123 , 1234 , &#8230; , 12345678910 , 1234567891011 , &#8230; 以下是數列 {}（把 「倒寫」） 1 , 21 , 321 , 4321 , &#8230; , 10987654321 , 1110987654321 , &#8230; 以下是數列 {}，即 問：把上述數列求和，即 是否收歛？ （答案）<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=johnmayhk.wordpress.com&amp;blog=1536681&amp;post=8498&amp;subd=johnmayhk&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><font face='georgia'>以下是數列 {<img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a_n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='a_n' title='a_n' class='latex' />}</p>
<p>1 , 12 , 123 , 1234 , &#8230; , 12345678910 , 1234567891011 , &#8230;</p>
<p>以下是數列 {<img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=b_n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='b_n' title='b_n' class='latex' />}（把 <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a_n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='a_n' title='a_n' class='latex' />「倒寫」）</p>
<p>1 , 21 , 321 , 4321 , &#8230; , 10987654321 , 1110987654321 , &#8230;</p>
<p>以下是數列 {<img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cfrac%7Ba_n%7D%7Bb_n%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;frac{a_n}{b_n}' title='&#92;frac{a_n}{b_n}' class='latex' />}，即</p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=1%2C%5Cfrac%7B12%7D%7B21%7D%2C%5Cfrac%7B123%7D%7B321%7D%2C%5Cfrac%7B1234%7D%7B4321%7D%2C%5Cdots&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='1,&#92;frac{12}{21},&#92;frac{123}{321},&#92;frac{1234}{4321},&#92;dots' title='1,&#92;frac{12}{21},&#92;frac{123}{321},&#92;frac{1234}{4321},&#92;dots' class='latex' /></p>
<p>問：把上述數列求和<span id="more-8498"></span>，即</p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=1%2B%5Cfrac%7B12%7D%7B21%7D%2B%5Cfrac%7B123%7D%7B321%7D%2B%5Cfrac%7B1234%7D%7B4321%7D%2B%5Cdots&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='1+&#92;frac{12}{21}+&#92;frac{123}{321}+&#92;frac{1234}{4321}+&#92;dots' title='1+&#92;frac{12}{21}+&#92;frac{123}{321}+&#92;frac{1234}{4321}+&#92;dots' class='latex' /></p>
<p>是否收歛？</p>
<p>（<a href="http://dl.dropbox.com/u/19150457/johnmayhk-a-question-about-series.htm" target="blank">答案</a>）</font></p>
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		<title>變形金剛原型？</title>
		<link>http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/2012/01/06/transformer-prototype/</link>
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		<pubDate>Thu, 05 Jan 2012 23:38:23 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>johnmayhk</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Fun]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[摺紙似乎是這幾年中學數學的時興題目，這裡介紹另類摺「紙」： 參考＂Shifty Science: Programmable Matter Takes Shape with Self-Folding Origami Sheets＂ http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=computational-origami-robot (OT) Old stupid jokes&#8230; Who is transformer&#8217;s sister? Transistor. Who are transformer&#8217;s mum and dad? Transparent. What is transformer&#8217;s gender? Transexual. Where do transformers moor their ships? Transport Which transformer wears tights? Transvestite &#8230;<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=johnmayhk.wordpress.com&amp;blog=1536681&amp;post=8487&amp;subd=johnmayhk&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><font face='georgia'>摺紙似乎是這幾年中學數學的時興題目，這裡介紹另類摺「紙」：</p>
<span style="text-align:center; display: block;"><a href="http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/2012/01/06/transformer-prototype/"><img src="http://img.youtube.com/vi/OeMuxrd95fQ/2.jpg" alt="" /></a></span>
<p>參考＂Shifty Science: Programmable Matter Takes Shape with Self-Folding Origami Sheets＂</p>
<p><a href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=computational-origami-robot" target="blank">http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=computational-origami-robot</a></p>
<p>(OT) Old stupid jokes&#8230;</p>
<p>Who is transformer&#8217;s sister?<br />
Tran<span id="more-8487"></span>sistor.</p>
<p>Who are transformer&#8217;s mum and dad?<br />
Transparent.</p>
<p>What is transformer&#8217;s gender?<br />
Transexual.</p>
<p>Where do transformers moor their ships?<br />
Transport</p>
<p>Which transformer wears tights?<br />
Transvestite</p>
<p>&#8230;</font></p>
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		<title>斐波那契數與二項係數</title>
		<link>http://johnmayhk.wordpress.com/2012/01/05/fibonacci-numbers-and-binomial-coefficients/</link>
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		<pubDate>Thu, 05 Jan 2012 01:51:47 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>johnmayhk</dc:creator>
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		<description><![CDATA[除了二項式定理（binomial theorem） 和萊布尼茲微分法則（Leibniz&#8217;s rule） 斐波那契數 ，即 ， () 者，也可「生產」二項係數。 觀察 可歸納出以下結果： 其中 是不大於 的非負整數。 特別地，當 ，得 其實，我只是從 等歸納出結果，並非證明。同學，可幫我證明一下嗎？ （上圖也顯示了二項係數和費波那契數的一個美麗關係。）<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=johnmayhk.wordpress.com&amp;blog=1536681&amp;post=8468&amp;subd=johnmayhk&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>除了二項式定理（binomial theorem）</p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%28a%2Bb%29%5En%3D%5Cdisplaystyle%5Csum_%7Br%3D0%7D%5EnC%5En_ra%5E%7B%28n-r%29%7Db%5E%7Br%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='(a+b)^n=&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{r=0}^nC^n_ra^{(n-r)}b^{r}' title='(a+b)^n=&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{r=0}^nC^n_ra^{(n-r)}b^{r}' class='latex' /></p>
<p>和萊布尼茲微分法則（Leibniz&#8217;s rule）</p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%28fg%29%5E%7B%28n%29%7D%3D%5Cdisplaystyle%5Csum_%7Br%3D0%7D%5EnC%5En_rf%5E%7B%28n-r%29%7Dg%5E%7B%28r%29%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='(fg)^{(n)}=&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{r=0}^nC^n_rf^{(n-r)}g^{(r)}' title='(fg)^{(n)}=&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{r=0}^nC^n_rf^{(n-r)}g^{(r)}' class='latex' /></p>
<p>斐波那契數<span id="more-8468"></span> <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f_n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='f_n' title='f_n' class='latex' />，即 <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f_0%3Df_1%3D1&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='f_0=f_1=1' title='f_0=f_1=1' class='latex' />，<img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f_n%3Df_%7Bn-1%7D%2Bf_%7Bn-2%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='f_n=f_{n-1}+f_{n-2}' title='f_n=f_{n-1}+f_{n-2}' class='latex' /> (<img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n%3D2%2C3%2C4%2C%5Cdots&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='n=2,3,4,&#92;dots' title='n=2,3,4,&#92;dots' class='latex' />) 者，也可「生產」二項係數。</p>
<p>觀察</p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f_2&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='f_2' title='f_2' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3Df_0%2Bf_1&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=f_0+f_1' title='=f_0+f_1' class='latex' /></p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f_4&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='f_4' title='f_4' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3Df_2%2Bf_3&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=f_2+f_3' title='=f_2+f_3' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3D%28f_0%2Bf_1%29%2B%28f_1%2Bf_2%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=(f_0+f_1)+(f_1+f_2)' title='=(f_0+f_1)+(f_1+f_2)' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3Df_0%2B2f_1%2Bf_2&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=f_0+2f_1+f_2' title='=f_0+2f_1+f_2' class='latex' /></p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f_6&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='f_6' title='f_6' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3Df_4%2Bf_5&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=f_4+f_5' title='=f_4+f_5' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3D%28f_2%2Bf_3%29%2B%28f_3%2Bf_4%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=(f_2+f_3)+(f_3+f_4)' title='=(f_2+f_3)+(f_3+f_4)' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3Df_2%2B2f_3%2Bf_4&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=f_2+2f_3+f_4' title='=f_2+2f_3+f_4' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3D%28f_0%2Bf_1%29%2B2%28f_1%2Bf_2%29%2B%28f_2%2Bf_3%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=(f_0+f_1)+2(f_1+f_2)+(f_2+f_3)' title='=(f_0+f_1)+2(f_1+f_2)+(f_2+f_3)' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3Df_0%2B3f_1%2B3f_2%2Bf_3&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=f_0+3f_1+3f_2+f_3' title='=f_0+3f_1+3f_2+f_3' class='latex' /></p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f_8&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='f_8' title='f_8' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3Df_6%2Bf_7&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=f_6+f_7' title='=f_6+f_7' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3D%28f_4%2Bf_5%29%2B%28f_5%2Bf_6%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=(f_4+f_5)+(f_5+f_6)' title='=(f_4+f_5)+(f_5+f_6)' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3Df_4%2B2f_5%2Bf_6&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=f_4+2f_5+f_6' title='=f_4+2f_5+f_6' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3D%28f_2%2Bf_3%29%2B2%28f_3%2Bf_4%29%2B%28f_4%2Bf_5%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=(f_2+f_3)+2(f_3+f_4)+(f_4+f_5)' title='=(f_2+f_3)+2(f_3+f_4)+(f_4+f_5)' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3Df_2%2B3f_3%2B3f_4%2Bf_5&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=f_2+3f_3+3f_4+f_5' title='=f_2+3f_3+3f_4+f_5' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3D%28f_0%2Bf_1%29%2B3%28f_1%2Bf_2%29%2B3%28f_2%2Bf_3%29%2B%28f_3%2Bf_4%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=(f_0+f_1)+3(f_1+f_2)+3(f_2+f_3)+(f_3+f_4)' title='=(f_0+f_1)+3(f_1+f_2)+3(f_2+f_3)+(f_3+f_4)' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3Df_0%2B4f_1%2B6f_2%2B4f_3%2Bf_4&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=f_0+4f_1+6f_2+4f_3+f_4' title='=f_0+4f_1+6f_2+4f_3+f_4' class='latex' /></p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cdots&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;dots' title='&#92;dots' class='latex' /></p>
<p>可歸納出以下結果：</p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f_%7B2n%7D%3D%5Cdisplaystyle%5Csum_%7Br%3D2m%7D%5E%7Bn%2Bm%7DC%5E%7Bn-m%7D_%7Br-2m%7Df_r&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='f_{2n}=&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{r=2m}^{n+m}C^{n-m}_{r-2m}f_r' title='f_{2n}=&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{r=2m}^{n+m}C^{n-m}_{r-2m}f_r' class='latex' /></p>
<p>其中 <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=m&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='m' title='m' class='latex' /> 是不大於 <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='n' title='n' class='latex' /> 的非負整數。</p>
<p>特別地，當 <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=m%3D0&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='m=0' title='m=0' class='latex' />，得</p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f_%7B2n%7D%3D%5Cdisplaystyle%5Csum_%7Br%3D0%7D%5EnC%5En_rf_r&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='f_{2n}=&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{r=0}^nC^n_rf_r' title='f_{2n}=&#92;displaystyle&#92;sum_{r=0}^nC^n_rf_r' class='latex' /></p>
<p>其實，我只是從 <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f_2%2Cf_4%2Cf_6%2Cf_8&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='f_2,f_4,f_6,f_8' title='f_2,f_4,f_6,f_8' class='latex' /> 等歸納出結果，並非證明。同學，可幫我證明一下嗎？</p>
<p><img src="http://dl.dropbox.com/u/19150457/johnmayhk-number-tree-2.jpg"><br />
（上圖也顯示了二項係數和費波那契數的一個美麗關係。）</p>
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